till
1.不论用作介词或连接词,till比until普通,在比较正式的文字里多用until。但有下面两点该注意:
(1)在true till death中的till不可改作until。在from...till...里用till比用until普通,如from January till March。unless and until中的until不可改作till。
(2)在一句的开首似乎until比till普通,如Until his arrival we could do nothing和Until he arrived we could do nothing里用Until,似乎通常不用Till。
2.till或until引导的从句里不可用shall,will或would,如不可说:
- He will wait till (或until) I shall arrive. (该用arrive)
- I shall wait till (或until) he will arrive. (该用arrives)
- I waited till (或until) he would arrive. (该用arrived)
但假使那主句里的动词是过去式,那till或until引导的从句里往往用should。例如:
- I waited till (或until) he should arrive.
- He waited till (或until) I should arrive.
should arrive含有“盼望…来”的意思,arrived含有“…果然来”或“…一定来”的意思。
3.下面各句里的till或until都用得不对:
- I hope to finish the work till (或until) Friday.
- I hope to finish the work till (或until) he arrives.
- I had not been there long till (或until) his arrival.
- I had not been there long till (或until) he arrived.
第一句、第二句和第三句里的till或until该改作before,第四句里的till或until该改作before或when。
但下面各句里的till或until都用得不错:
- I am afraid I cannot finish the work till (或until) Friday. (用before也可以)
- I am afraid I cannot finish the work till (或until) he arrives. (用before也可以)
- I remained there till (或until) his arrival.
- I remained there till (或until) he arrived.
为什么前四句里不可用till或until,后四句里却可以用呢?因为:(1)假使没有否定的词,那till或until所引导的短语或从句指一段时期(a period of time)。(2)假使有了否定的词,那till或until所引导的短语或从句指一段时间里的任何一点(point)。前四句里的第一句和第二句里没有否定的词,但finish是一时的动作,所以不对,后四句里的第一句和第二句里有否定的词,所以对。前四句里的第三句和第四句里有否定的词,但had been却指一段时间的情况,所以不对,后四句里的第三句和第四句里没有否定的词,remained指一段时间的情况,所以对。
4.下面两句里的till或until是错误的:
- I shall start till (或until) Friday. (该用on)
- I shall start till (或until) he arrives. (该用when)
假使在start前面加上了not,两句里的till或until便用得不错。
5.比较下面两句:
- Don't wait till I come.
- Don't go till I come.
第一句里的till I come是状语从句,形容wait,第二句里的till I come也是状语从句,却形容don't go。
可以说Wait till I come,但不可说Go till I come。
6.till或until指时间,不指空间,如下面第一句不错,第二句不对:
- He walked till (或until) he reached the end of the street.
- He walked till (或until) the end of the street.
7.下面两句的正确意思是“他直到死了才结婚”。当然不对:
- He did not marry till (或until) his death.
- He did not marry till (或until) he died.
该改作He never married。
8.下面两句意思相同。注意第二句里用did he go,不用he did go或he went:
He did not go abroad till (或until) he graduated.
Not until (用till不普通) he graduated did he go abroad.
9.下面三句意思相同,有人以为第三句不算正当:
- Up to then he had lived alone.
- Till then he had lived alone.
- Up till then he had lived alone.