不少读者都问到有关分词的问题,现将我们的意见写出来以供参考。
问一: 过去分词(当然指及物动词)和现在分词被动式都有被动意义,那么它们有无区别呢?在选用这两种表达方式时应以什么为依据呢?
这个问题比较复杂一些,因为它们之间有时显然不同,有时则区别不大。试比较下面两句:
(1)I saw the net being hauled in .
(2)I saw the net hauled in .
例(1)中的现在分词被动式 being hauled in 显然会有“拉网的动作正在进行”亦即动作未完成的含义,而例(2)中的过去分词 hauled in 则显然会有动作已完成的含义。
但这并不是说,现在分词被动式总是会有未完成的含义,事实并非如此,如:
(3)Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(being written 在此显然没有未完成的含义)
同样,过去分词也并不总是具有完成的含义,如:
(4)I perceived him led through the outward walls as a prisoner. (过去分词 led 显然没有已完成的含义)
既然现在分词被动式亦可表已完成的动作,那么,它必然有时就会和过去分词起同样的作用 ,具有同样的意义,事实也是如此,如:
(5)This (being)done , I set about cleaning the windows.
(6)(Being)seized with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.
(7)(Being)asked to sing a song for them, she couldn't very well refuse.
既然过去分词亦可表未完成的动作,所以例(4)中的 led 亦可改为 being led 而意义不变。
这么说来,现在分词被动式与过去分词岂不是完全可以相互通用毫无区别了吗?不,它们只是有时可以相互通用,绝非完全如此。如例(1)与例(2)的那种区别,还是常见的。此外,二者还有一些区别如下:
1. 过去分词可以用作前置定语(即可置于所修饰的名词之前),现在分词被动式则不可, 如可说 a moved audience,不可说 a being moved audience; 可说 the exploited classes, 不可说 the being exploited classes。
2. 强调条件时,一般只可用过去分词,不可用现在分词被动式,如:
(8)Certain poisons, used as medicines in small quantities, prove not only innocuous, but beneficial.
(9)Broadly judged , the good outweighs by far the evil of the change.
3. 强调原因时,在状语短语中常用现在分词被动式,例(3)即是一例,再如:
(10)Not being seen by any one, he escaped.
(11)The very farm-dogs bark less frequently, being less disturbed by passing travellers.
4. have, get 等动词后的复合宾语只用过去分词,不用现在分词被动式,如:
(12)I must have my hair cut . (不可用 being cut)
(13)I had my arm broken in the accident.(不可用 being broken)
5. 在一些比较固定的独立主格结构中,过去分词似乎比较常见,如 all told , all things considered 等。
另外,还有几点值得我们注意:
1. “being + 过去分词”并不都是现在分词被动式,如:
(14)The question being settled , he went home.
句中的 settled 不表动态,只表静态,相当于形容词,故不应把 being settled 看作现在分词被动式。
2. 注意现在分词被动语态一般式有歧义时,应用其完成式,如:
(15)She rebuked herself for forgetting what she really knew quite well, having been told it often.
如用一般式 being told 除等于 having been told 之意外,还可能具有“经常被告诉”的意思。
最后,我们还愿提醒读者一点:过去分词短语也好,现在分词(包括其被动式)短语也好,它们都比较文气。在口语以及非正式文体中,除去已成为习语者外,还以多用从句结构为好。
问二: 现在分词完成式与过去分词在作状语时有何不同?
首先须有两点假定:一是你所谓的现在分词完成式想是指被动语态而言;二是你所说的过去分词想是皆指及物动词而言。因为这样比较才更有必要。
现在分词完成被动式与过去分词(指及物动词,下同此)的确有相同之处,如:
(16)Defeated , he slunk from the room.
句中的过去分词相当于having been defeated,二者无甚区别,充其量后者的完成含义更加明显而已。再如:
(17)Weakened by successive storms, the bridge was no longer safe. (weakened = having been weakened)
但有时过去分词有歧义,如:
(18)Asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave.
这里的过去分词 asked 可能意味着 having been asked,也可能意味着 since 或 when I was asked。在这种情况下,如属前一种含义,必要时用现在分词完成被动式较为清楚,例(18)即可变为:
(19)Having been asked to stay, I couldn't very well leave.
例(16)、(17)、(18)中的过去分词所表示的动作都发生在全句谓语动词之前,故皆可变换为现在分词完成被动式。但如果过去分词与谓语动词没有先后关系,过去分词则不可变换作现在分词完成被动式,如:
(20)Covered with confusion, I left the room. (covered 与 left 同时,故不可变换为 having been covered)
(21)Convinced that they were going to poison him, he refused to eat anything. (convinced 与谓语动词 refused 同时,故不可变换为 having been convinced)
问三: 《英语语法手册》(修订第三版第223页)讲述了现在分词作状语时与谓语动词的时间关系(有先、后、同时三种),但未见过去分词用作状语时与谓语动词的时间关系,不知是何原因?
该书在过去分词用作状语方面,举例显然太少了。过去分词用作状语时,其与谓语动词的时间关系一般只有两种:
1. 过去分词的动作先于谓语动词,如:
(22)Defeated , he slunk from the room.
(23)United we stand, divided we fall.
(24)Gone from home so long, the brothers joyously embraced some of their mates of boyhood.
2. 过去分词的动作与谓语动词同时,如:
(25)The lichens came borne by storms.
(26)What harm can he do locked up ?
(27)He returned home yesterday, utterly exhausted .
问四: 现在分词短语用作后置定语时,应与谓语动词具有同时性 ,这是一般语法书都讲到的。但有人说二者亦可有不同时性,如:
(28)The man speaking to us yesterday is my uncle.
不知对不对?
是的,二者亦可有不同时性或异时性,如:
(29)Do you know the number of people coming to the party? (coming = who will come, 与谓语动词 know 不同时)
(30)The boys running the fastest are the winners. (running = who have run, 与 are 不同时)
(31)A young man writing novels came to speak to us yesterday. (writing = who writes, 与谓语动词 came 也不同时)
但不论用作后置定语的现在分词短语是否与谓语动词同时,现在分词短语并不是在任何情况下皆可用作后置定语。例如《英语用法指南》的作者曾指出可以泛指说:
(32)Women looking after small children generally get paid about £1.50 an hour.
但不可特指说:
(33)The woman looking after my small children gets paid £1.50 an hour.
所以,在使用作为后置定语的现在分词短语表特指情况时,如无把握,最好代之以定语从句,尤其在口语中,更应多用从句。那么问题四中所引的例(28)算不算对呢?我们觉得它并不错,但还是将 speaking 改为 who spoke 较好。
