wave、ripple与surge这些名词均有“波浪、浪、波涛”之意。
wave : 普通用词，指水面上移动的任何具有峰谷皱形的波动，尤指距离相等的波浪，也比喻任何类似的物体。
- At night, I listened to the sound of the waves breaking/crashing against the shore.
夜里，我倾听着浪花拍击海岸的声音。
ripple : 多指微风吹过水面或石头投入水中所激起的涟漪或细浪。
- The stone she threw caused ripples to spread across the lake.
她扔了一块石头，湖面泛起阵阵涟漪。
surge : 词义较模糊，泛指巨浪、波涛或作比喻使用。
- At the end of the game, there was a surge of fans onto the field.
比赛结束后，大群的球迷涌向比赛场地。 - A tidal surge (= sudden and great rise in the level of the sea) caused severe flooding in coastal areas.
潮水猛涨在沿海地区引发了严重水灾。
延伸阅读：小词详解 | surge
