分词前置

• We can see the rising sun.
  我们可以看到东升的旭日
• He is a retired worker.
  他是位退休的工人

分词后置 (i.分词词组；ii. 个别分词如given, left； iii. 修饰不定代词 something等)

• There was a girl sitting there.
  有个女孩坐在那里
• This is the question given.
  这是所给的问题
• There is nothing interesting.
  没有有趣的东西

过去分词作定语

与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

• Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.
• Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.

典型例题

1) The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

A. have written　 B. to be written　 C. being written　 D. written

答案D. 书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词做定语表被 动，相当于定语从句 which is written

2）What's the language ____ in Germany?

A. speaking　　B. spoken　　 C. be spoken　　D. to speak

答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。

spoken是动词speak的过去分词形式，在句中作定语，修饰主语

language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：
What's the language (which is) spoken in German?