Monopolists, by keeping the market constantly understocked, by never fully supplying the effectual demand, sell their commodities much above the nature price, and raise their…wages or profit … greatly above their natural rate.
垄断者们通过让市场持续地供货不足，不对有效需求进行充分的供给，以大大高于正常水平的价格出售产品，将自身报酬和利润远远提高于自然水平之上。

——Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations
——亚当·斯密