特朗普强力施压，美国众议院通过“大而美”法案
Trump Policy Bill Clears Congress After House G.O.P. Quells Revolt

The House on Thursday narrowly passed a sweeping bill to extend tax cuts and slash social safety net programs, capping Republicans’ chaotic monthslong slog to overcome deep rifts within their party and deliver President Trump’s domestic agenda.
周四，众议院以微弱多数通过了一项旨在延长减税政策并大幅削减社会保障项目的全面法案。经过数月混乱博弈，共和党终于克服党内深刻分歧，兑现了特朗普总统的国内议程。

The final vote, 218 to 214, was mostly along party lines and came after Speaker Mike Johnson spent a frenzied day and night toiling to quell resistance in his ranks that threatened until the very end to derail the president’s marquee legislation. With all but two Republicans in favor and Democrats uniformly opposed, the action cleared the bill for Mr. Trump’s signature, meeting the July 4 deadline he had demanded.
最终投票结果是218票对214票，基本按党派划线，此前议长迈克·约翰逊度过了繁忙的一天一夜，努力平息党内阻力，这些阻力直到最后一刻都可能使总统的这项标志性立法泡汤。除了两人外的所有共和党人都投了赞成票，民主党人则一致反对，法案赶在特朗普要求的7月4日截止期限前完成了送交总统签署的流程。

The legislation extends tax cuts enacted in 2017 that had been scheduled to expire at the end of the year, while adding new ones Mr. Trump promised during this campaign, on some tips and overtime pay, at a total cost of $4.5 trillion. It also increases funding for defense and border security and cuts nearly $1 trillion from Medicaid, with more reductions to food assistance for the poor and other government aid. And it phases out clean-energy tax credits passed under former President Joseph R. Biden Jr. that Mr. Trump and conservative Republicans have long decried.
这项立法延长了2017年颁布、原定于年底到期的减税措施，同时新增特朗普在竞选期间承诺的针对某些小费和加班工资的减税措施，总成本达4.5万亿美元。法案还增加了国防和边境安全拨款，同时削减了近1万亿美元的医疗补助，并进一步缩减贫困人口食品救济等政府援助。此外，它还将逐步取消前总统拜登任内通过的清洁能源税收抵免，该政策长期遭特朗普和保守派共和党人抨击。

Also included is a $5 trillion increase in the debt limit, a measure that Republicans are typically unwilling to support but that was necessary to avert a federal default later this year.
法案中还包括将债务上限提高5万亿美元，尽管共和党通常不愿支持此类措施，但这对于避免今年晚些时候联邦政府违约是必要的。

The bill’s final passage was a major victory for congressional Republicans and Mr. Trump, who is expected to swiftly sign what he has frequently referred to as his “big, beautiful bill.” G.O.P. lawmakers who had feuded bitterly over the legislation united almost unanimously behind it, fearing the political consequences of allowing a tax increase and of crossing a president who demands unflagging loyalty and was pressuring them to fall into line.
对于国会共和党人和特朗普来说，该法案的最终通过是一次重大胜利，预计他将迅速签署这项其所谓“大而美法案”。共和党议员们曾就这项立法发生激烈争执，但最终几乎一致支持它，唯恐允许增税和违抗总统带来的政治后果——他要求坚定的忠诚，并向他们施压，要求他们俯首听命。

“If you’re for a secure border, safer communities and a strong military, this bill is for you,” Mr. Johnson said, extolling the bill ahead of the final vote. “If you’re for common-sense fiscal responsibility and reducing the deficit, this bill is for you. If you’re for fairer and lower taxes, bigger paychecks, affordable gas and groceries and restoring dignity to hard work, this is the bill for you.”
“如果你支持边境安全、社区安定和强大军队，这项法案就是为你准备的，”约翰逊在最终投票前为法案造势时说道。“如果你秉持财政责任常识并致力削减赤字，这项法案就是为你准备的。如果你追求更公平的低税率、更丰厚的薪水、可负担的汽油和食品价格，以及重拾勤劳的尊严，这就是你的法案。”

But it also was a major political gamble for the party that will leave vulnerable lawmakers open to sharp attacks ahead of next year’s midterm elections.
但对共和党而言，这也是政治上的豪赌，它将使那些处于劣势的议员在明年的中期选举前容易受到猛烈攻击。

Many economists have estimated that its greatest benefits would go to the wealthiest Americans, who would see the most generous tax cuts. The nonpartisan Congressional Budget Office recently predicted that cuts to Medicaid, including the imposition of a strict work requirement, could leave 11.8 million more people without health insurance by 2034.
许多经济学家估计，该法案的最大受益者将是最富有的美国人，他们将获得最慷慨的减税。无党派的国会预算办公室不久前预测，因医疗补助削减（包括实施严格的工作要求），到2034年可能会有多达1180万人失去医保。

The office, studying earlier versions of the bill, had also warned of large benefit losses in food stamps, which will also have new work requirements, threatening to leave millions without benefits. At the same time, contrary to Republican claims that it cut deficits, the budget office reported the measure would swell the already soaring national debt by at least $3.4 trillion over a decade.
国会预算办公室在研究法案之前的版本时还警告说，新增工作要求的食品券福利将大幅缩水，数百万人恐丧失受益资格。与此同时，与共和党声称该法案削减赤字的说法相反，预算办公室报告称，这项措施将在未来十年内使已经飙升的国债至少再增加3.4万亿美元。

Polls show that the bill is deeply unpopular, and Democrats have roundly denounced it as a move to slash critical government programs to fund tax breaks for the wealthiest Americans. They have repeatedly accused Republicans of being so much in Mr. Trump’s thrall that they embraced a bill that would harm their own constituents.
民调显示，该法案极不受欢迎。民主党人一致谴责这是通过削减关键政府项目来为富豪减税的举措。他们一再指责共和党人完全被特朗普操控，竟会支持伤害自己选区民众的法案。

In an impassioned closing speech on the House floor that stretched for more than eight and a half hours, breaking the chamber’s record and delaying a final vote well into the afternoon, Representative Hakeem Jeffries, Democrat of New York and the minority leader, assailed the measure as a “disgusting abomination” that would hurt Americans.
纽约州民主党众议员、少数党领袖哈基姆·杰弗里斯在众议院议事厅发表了一场慷慨激昂的总结演讲，持续了八个半小时以上，打破了众议院的演讲记录，并将最终投票推迟到下午。他猛烈抨击该法案是“令人作呕的可憎之物”，将伤害美国人民。

In what amounted to a last gasp of Democratic opposition to the bill, Mr. Jeffries spent much of his time reading testimonials from Americans who said they relied on Medicaid, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program and other government help and worried that cuts would upend their lives. He made a point of highlighting that several of the letters came from people who live in Republican congressional districts that are among the Democrats’ top targets for the midterm elections.
作为民主党对该法案的最后抵抗，杰弗里斯花费了大量时间阅读美国民众的证词，他们表示自己依赖医疗补助、补充营养援助计划和其他政府援助，并担心削减会颠覆他们的生活。他特意强调，有几封信来自居住在共和党国会选区的人，这些选区是民主党中期选举的重要目标。

“This bill is an all-out assault on the health care of the people of the United States of America, hardworking American taxpayers,” Mr. Jeffries said. “These are the people we should be standing up, to work hard to lift up. But instead, they’re victims of this legislation.”
“这项法案是对美利坚合众国民众、辛勤工作的美国纳税人的医保发起的全面攻击，”杰弗里斯说。“这些人本应是我们要支持、要努力帮助改善生活的对象。但现在，他们却成了这项立法的受害者。”

In the messy, monthslong process of pushing through a bill that divided their party, Republicans in both the House and Senate made it clear that they, too, were uncomfortable with parts of it, criticizing its flaws before most of them ultimately banded together to pass it.
在长达数月、导致党内分歧的立法进程中，参众两院的共和党人也坦言对部分条款不满，在最终大多数人团结起来通过它之前，他们都曾批评该立法存在缺陷。

The House devolved into paralysis on Wednesday and into Thursday morning in the hours before the final action, as a handful of Republicans withheld their votes to bring up the measure.
从周三至周四上午，在最终投票前的几个小时里，众议院一度陷入瘫痪，少数共和党人拒绝投票支持该法案。

Mr. Trump, who had met with recalcitrant Republicans throughout the day Wednesday to pressure them to support the measure, weighed in with angry posts on social media, threatening any defectors.
特朗普周三一整天都在约见负隅顽抗的共和党议员，向他们施压，要求他们支持这项法案，更在社交媒体上发帖怒斥，对不听话的议员发出威胁。

“MAGA IS NOT HAPPY, AND IT’S COSTING YOU VOTES!!!” he wrote.
“让MAGA阵营失望将付出选票代价！！！”他写道。

In the end, Mr. Johnson pulled off a victory, the latest in a series of instances in which he has faced resistance in his own party to a major legislative priority — only to pull out a narrow win with the help of considerable pressure from Mr. Trump.
最终约翰逊险胜收官——这是他又一次在重大立法遭遇党内阻力后，借助特朗普强力施压惊险取胜。

The bill squeaked through the Senate by the narrowest of margins on Tuesday. But the changes that senators made to cobble together support for it exacerbated party divides that have plagued G.O.P. efforts to advance Mr. Trump’s agenda since the beginning. Fiscal conservatives demanded even deeper cuts to rein in the deficit, while more mainstream lawmakers whose seats are at risk were wary of the biggest cuts to popular government programs.
周二该法案在参议院以小得不能再小的优势勉强通过。但为争取支持所做的修改加剧了党内分裂——这种分歧始终困扰着希望推进特朗普议程的共和党。财政保守派要求更大幅度的削减以控制赤字，而那些席位面临风险的主流议员则对大幅削减受欢迎的政府项目持谨慎态度。

One member of each faction voted against the bill on Thursday: Representative Thomas Massie, a fiscal hawk from a deep-red district in Kentucky who had railed against the high cost of the bill, and Representative Brian Fitzpatrick, a moderate from a battleground district in suburban Pennsylvania that Democrats won in the 2024 presidential election, who had expressed concern about the Medicaid, SNAP and other safety net cuts.
周四，共和党内部两个派系各有一人投下反对票：来自肯塔基州深红选区的财政鹰派托马斯·马西众议员，他曾痛斥该法案成本高昂；以及布莱恩·菲茨帕特里克众议员，他是来自宾夕法尼亚州郊区一个战场选区的温和派，该选区在2024年总统大选中被民主党赢得，他曾对医疗补助、补充营养援助计划和其他社会保障网的削减表示担忧。