(1) ①under指“在……下面、底下”,侧重垂直在下,可以相接,也可不相接,是over的反义词;在表示两物相接的场合,可与beneath换用。
- There is a straw mat under/beneath the cotton-padded mattress.
棉垫子底下有一张席子。 - They are resting under a big tree.
他们在一棵大树底下休息。
②under使用场合较广,可表示具体含义,也可表示抽象含义。
- How long can you swim under the water?
你在水下能游多长时间? - He came in with a big book under his arm.
他胳膊底下夹着一大本书进来了。
③用于抽象的场合,常见于以下的短语,这些短语通常表示处在某种环境、状况或遭遇之下;有某种责任、义务、受人恩惠等,如:be under (an) obligation to do sth./to sb.有义务(做某事),欠人情债,under a promise of secrecy/marriage在保密的承诺下/在同意结婚的承诺下,under/in these circumstances,under the leadership/guidance/control/the rule/the influence,under fire(在炮火下),under attack,(be) under the necessity of doing sth.,under sail(在航行中),under way(在进行中),under repair/construction,under discussion,under examination/review,under consideration,under treatment(在治疗中),under cultivation(在耕作中),under pressure/oppression,under the impression,under suspicion,under misfortune(遭到不幸),under an anaesthetic,under pretence of ignorance(以不知为借口),to live under a dictatorship,to work under sb.,to be struggling under difficulties, under sb.'s teaching等。
④under还有“根据、依据(法律、协议等)”之意,如:under the agreement, under Article 5 of the Constitution, under the Education Act of 1944, to act under orders等。
⑤under还可用来表示“(列)在……项下”。
- That book is catalogued under “Fiction”.
这本书被归为小说类。 - You will find these books listed under “Biography”.
你会发现这些书都在“传记”目录下。
⑥under还可表示“不到(某个数量、年龄等)”。
- My monthly salary is under $250.
我的月薪还不到250美元。 - We finished the job in a little under two hours.
我们不到两个小时就完成了工作。 - Under 50 people attended the meeting.
到会人员不到50人。 - The children in this kindergarten were all under seven.
这所幼儿园的孩子都不超过7岁。
⑦under还可用于以下短语:
- hide one's light under a bushel
才能不外露 - under a cloud
受到怀疑;情绪低落 - under a strain
很劳累、很紧张 - under age
不到年龄 - under house arrest/arrest
被软禁/被捕 - under...conditions
在……情况下 - under cover of
在……掩护下;趁着 - under instructions (not to take action)
奉命(严阵以待) - under foot
脚下,地下 - under lock and key
锁起来 - under one's breath
低声地 - under one's nose/the nose of
在某人的鼻子下面,在……跟前 - under one's own steam
靠自己的力量 - under one's own name/a false name
用自己的名字/假名字 - under one's thumb/the thumb of
在……掌握之中;在……的控制之下 - under one's wing
保护起来 - under protest
在表示反对的情况下(做某事) - under the care of
在……照顾下 - under the pretext of doing sth.
以……为借口 - under the sun
世界上(的)(用于加强语气) - under water
被水淹没 - under weight
不足分量
(2) ①beneath意为“在……之下”,在挨着或接近某物的正下方,其反义词为on,这个词有些古气,除某些习语外,现多用under和below。
- They are taking a rest beneath/under a huge pine tree.
他们正在一棵大松树下休息。 - There is a large cellar beneath/under/below the kitchen.
厨房下面有一间很大的地下室。 - The village is situated beneath a wooded hill.
村庄坐落在郁郁葱葱的山脚下。 - The moon has now sunk beneath the horizon.
月亮已沉下了地平线。
②beneath还常用于诗歌或文学语言里。
- It seemed that the glorious moon had emerged from beneath the white crested waves.
一轮皓月仿佛从银波之下浮起来似的。
③beneath经常引申用于抽象意义。
- The people groaned beneath/under his cruel tyranny for many years.
人民在他的暴政统治下痛苦地过了多年。 - As a scholar, his fame was far beneath that of his wife's.
作为学者,他的名气远远比不过他的妻子。
④beneath还用于以下成语:
- beneath contempt
卑鄙之极,不值一理 - beneath sb./one's dignity
不合……身份,不会做出某事 - beneath (one's) notice
不值得理睬
(3) underneath意为“在……之下”,该词较为正式。含有在某物之下并被其完全遮盖住的意味,常可与under换用,较多用于表示具体意义,有时也可用于抽象意义。
- In the desert you can often find water underneath the sand.
在沙漠里,你经常会在沙子底下发现水。 - The child was hiding underneath/under the table.
那个小孩藏在桌子底下。 - Underneath his apparent politeness, there was deceit and cunning.
在他文质彬彬的外表下,是欺诈和狡猾。
(4) ①below意为“在……的下面;低于……”,其反义词为above。
- During the autumn, the rays of the sun are reflected in the sky long after it has sunk below the horizon.
在秋天,夕阳沉到了地平线下很久,阳光还依然会被映射在天空。 - The yearly average temperature there is below freezing.
那里的年平均气温低于零度。 - Sign your name below mine on this document.
在文件上把你的名字签在我名字的下面。
②below也可用于引申意义,表示“不及、低于……;不值得……”。
- He is below his brother in intelligence.
他不及他兄弟聪明。 - You mustn't take his unkind remarks to heart. They are below/beneath notice.
你一定不要把他的恶言恶语放在心上,它们不值得理睬。 - He can't be much below/under 30.
他离30岁不会很远了。
③在表示职务、级别时,below仅表示高低;under则表示隶属。
- John is below Jack in rank.
约翰的级别比杰克低。 - Bill works under Tom.
比尔在汤姆手下工作。 - Bill is placed under Tom's orders.
比尔隶属于汤姆。
④在用于数量时,below与under可换用。
- The cost of the repairs was nothing below/under $3,000.
维修费用不会少于3000美元。
(5) down除表示向下的运动外,常和表示移动的动词连用。还可表示由北向南;由城市往农村;由内地向沿海的运动(与up相反),如:drive down the street, go down the hill, sail down the river(顺流航行)等。
(6) 此外under, beneath, underneath, below, down均可用作副词。under作副词,可表示“向下(运动);在下面;……以下(数量)”。
- The book is intended for children six years and under (children aged six and under ).
这本书是为6岁及6岁以下儿童编写的。 - How long can you stay under water?
你能在水底潜多久? - The cost of the dinner will be $10,000 or under .
这顿饭大约需要10000美元或少一些。
(7) beneath作副词,意为“往下面;在下面”。
- Nothing on heaven above or on the earth beneath could tranquilize her rebellious mind.
天上地下,什么东西都不能使她的反叛之心平静下来。 - We climbed the mountain; the valley lay beneath .
我们爬到山顶,山谷就在我们脚下。 - Marx did not merely see the surface but penetrated beneath .
马克思不仅看到了表面,而且他还向深层研究。
(8) underneath作副词,表示“下面,里面,在内心里”。
- He lifted the quilt and went underneath .
他掀起被子钻了进去。 - The ice remained, but there was no water underneath .
冰还没融化,但冰下没有水。 - He seems bad-tempered, but he's a nice man underneath .
他看起来脾气不好,但内心里是个好人。
(9) below作副词,表示“下面的,下方的(在名词后作定语);往下面,在下面(用作状语或表语)”。
- From the top of the mountain we could see the valley below .
从山顶我们能看到下面的山谷。 - They live in the flat below .
他们住在下面的那套房子里。 - Who was calling me from below ?
谁在下面叫我?
(10) down作副词,表示的意思很多,这里从略。
