Presidentialism
总统制

Presidentialism or presidential system is a republican system of government where a head of government is also head of state and leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch.
总统制是一种共和政体体制，政府首脑同时是国家首脑，领导一个独立于立法分支的行政分支。

The title President has persisted from a time when such person personally presided over the government body. Countries that feature a presidential system of government are not the exclusive users of the title of President . For example, a dictator may be and often is called a president. Likewise, leaders of one-party states are often called presidents. Most parliamentary republics like Germany, India and Italy have presidents, but this position is largely ceremonial.
“总统”这一名号从由个人领导政府团体的时代一直存续。拥有总统制政府的国家并不是“总统”一词的专用者。比如，一位独裁者就会经常被称作“总统”。与之类似，一党执政的国家领导人也经常被叫作“总统”。大多数议会制共和国，如德国、印度、意大利，也有总统，但这个职位只是象征性的。

The United States, which adopts separation of powers, has presidentialism. The executive branch is elected and often titled “president” and is not responsible to the legislature and cannot, in normal circumstances, dismiss it.
三权分立的美国采用的是总统制。行政领导由选举产生并被冠以“总统”之名，不对立法者负责，一般情况下也不能解散立法机关。

Presidents of presidentialism are always politically active. In a full-fledged presidential system, a president is chosen by the people to be the head of the executive branch. Both the positions of head of state and head of government are held by the president. In contrast, some presidents are “figureheads” of state, like constitutional monarchs, of parliamentary governments and are not active executive heads of government while the prime minister is the constitutional head of government.
总统制中的总统在政治上都很活跃。在一个成熟完备的总统制中，总统由民众选举产生，成为行政机构领导，既是国家元首，也是政府首脑。与之相反，一些国家的总统只是有名无实的领袖，就像君主立宪制国家中并不活跃的君主，而首相则是立宪政府的真正首脑。