Tess of the d'Urbervilles
德伯家的苔丝

Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented is a novel by Thomas Hardy. It initially appeared in a censored and serialised version, published in 1891 and in book form in 1892. Tess of the d'Urbervilles tells a tragedy，in which a pure, innocent and beautiful village maiden named Tess was brutally forced into murdering Alec d'Urberville, her life-destroyer. Though now considered a major nineteenth century English novel, Tess of the d'Ubervilles received mixed reviews when it first appeared, in part because it challenged the sexual mores of late Victorian England.
《德伯家的苔丝》，副标题为《一个纯洁女人的故事》，是托马斯·哈代的著名小说，首次以审查后的系列本出版于1891年，次年才以书本的形式出现。《德伯家的苔丝》描写了社会如何把一位纯洁、质朴、美丽的农村姑娘逼得走投无路，最终亲手杀死毁掉自己一生的亚雷·德伯的悲剧。当今读者认为它是19世纪英语小说的重要作品，但历史上对于它的面世还是褒贬不一的，原因之一就是它挑战了维多利亚后期英国的性道德观念。

Hardy's writing often explores what he called the “ache of modernism”, and this theme is notable in Tess , which, as one critic noted, portrays “the energy of traditional ways and the strength of the forces that are destroying them”. In depicting this theme, Hardy uses imagery associated with hell when describing modern farm machinery, as well as suggesting the effete nature of city life as the milk sent there must be watered down because townspeople cannot stomach whole milk. Angel's middle-class fastidiousness makes him reject Tess, a woman whom Hardy presents as a sort of Wessex Eve, in harmony with the natural world. All these instances have been interpreted as indications of the negative consequences of man's separation from nature, both in the creation of destructive machinery and in the inability to rejoice in pure and unadulterated nature. Therefore, Tess is a tragedy more of a society in which Tess lived and died.
哈代笔下触及的常常是“现代主义的伤痛”，这一主题在《苔丝》中十分明显。正如评论指出，《苔丝》描绘了“传统的力量以及毁坏传统的力量”。为了揭示这一主题，哈代运用地狱的意象描绘现代农场机器，他以用水稀释的牛奶来暗示城市生活的衰败无力，因为城里人的胃消化不了全脂牛奶。安吉尔中产阶级的吹毛求疵情结让他拒绝接受苔丝，这个哈代笔下威塞克斯地区与自然完美契合的夏娃般的女孩。这些例子无一不在揭示，不管是由于只知道破坏的机器，还是因为不安心于纯洁无瑕的自然，人如果离开自然，必然遭遇恶果。苔丝的悲剧是当时社会的产物，苔丝的悲剧也是社会的悲剧。