The French Revolution
法国大革命

The French Revolution was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France from 1789 to 1799 that profoundly affected French and modern history, marking the decline of powerful monarchies and churches and the rise of democracy and nationalism.
法国大革命(1789—1799)是一段法国社会激进与政治动荡的时期，给法国历史以及整个现代历史都带来了广泛而深刻的影响，标志着绝对君主制与宗教特权的衰落和民主与民族主义的兴起。

Popular resentment of the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and aristocracy grew during a financial crisis following two expensive wars and years of bad harvests. Demands for change were formulated in terms of Enlightenment ideals and caused the convocation of the Estates-General in May 1789. The first year of the Revolution saw members of the Third Estate taking control, the assault on the Bastille in July, the passage of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in August, and a women's march on Versailles that forced the royal court back to Paris in October. A republic was proclaimed in September 1792 and King Louis XVI was executed on 21 January 1793.
对僧侣和贵族享有特权的不满在两场巨额投入的战争、连年歉收和随之而来的经济危机期间不断增长。启蒙思想萌生了人们对变革的需求，并导致了1789年5月三级会议的召开。在革命的第一年，第三阶层的人民掌控了局势，七月袭击巴士底狱，八月通过《人权宣言》，凡尔赛妇女的游行也迫使皇家法院在十月回到了巴黎。最终，共和国于1792年9月宣告成立，国王路易十六在1793年1月21日被处死。

External threats closely shaped the course of the Revolution. The Revolutionary Wars beginning in 1792 ultimately featured French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula and most territories west of the Rhine — achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries. Internally, popular agitation radicalized the Revolution significantly, culminating in the rise of Robespierre and the Jacobins. Napoleon went on to establish the Consulate and later the First Empire, setting the stage for a wider array of global conflicts in the Napoleonic Wars.
外部威胁促进了革命进程的开展。革命战争开始于1792年，最终法国取得胜利，并征服了意大利半岛和莱茵河西岸的大部分地区——取得了之前几个世纪法国政府未达到的成就。在国内，广泛煽动使得大革命更加激进，最终也导致了罗伯斯庇尔和雅各宾派的崛起。拿破仑进而建立了法国执政政府和后来的第一帝国，开启了一个范围更广的、以拿破仑战争为代表的全球冲突时期。