European Revolution of 1848
1848年欧洲革命

The Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations, Springtime of the Peoples or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout Europe in 1848. It remains the most widespread revolutionary wave in European history, but within a year, reactionary forces had regained control, and the revolutions collapsed.
1848年欧洲革命，也称民族之春、人民之春或革命之年，是1848年在欧洲各国爆发的一系列武装革命。这一系列革命波及范围之广、影响国家之多，可以说是欧洲历史上规模最大的革命运动。但是在不到一年的时间内，保守派力量重新夺回了控制权，整场革命也随之土崩瓦解。

The revolutions were essentially bourgeois-democratic in nature with the aim of removing the old feudal structures and the creation of independent national states. Over fifty countries were affected, but with no coordination or cooperation among the revolutionaries in different countries. Six factors were involved: widespread dissatisfaction with political leadership; demands for more participation in government and democracy; demands for freedom of press; the demands of the working classes; the upsurge of nationalism; and finally, the regrouping of the reactionary forces based on the royalty, the aristocracy, the army, and the peasants.
这场革命的本质是以推翻旧的封建统治以及建立独立的民族国家为目标的资产阶级民主革命。超过50个国家受到了革命的影响，但是在不同的国家革命者之间却没有任何联系与合作。这场革命的爆发普遍认为是由六个因素导致的：对政治领导的普遍不满；对深入参与政府治理与民主活动的要求；对言论自由的追求；工人阶级本身的需求；民族主义的高涨；最后，由皇家、贵族、军队和农民组成的反动力量的重新组合。

The uprisings were led by shaky adhoc coalitions of reformers, the middle classes and workers, which did not hold together for long. Tens of thousands of people were killed, and many more forced into exile. The only significant lasting reforms were the abolition of serfdom in Austria and Hungary, the end of absolute monarchy in Denmark, and the definitive end of the Capetian monarchy in France.
起义是由不坚定的改革者、中产阶级和工人组成的临时联盟领导的，无法实现长久的联合与团结。成千上万的人丧生，更多的人最终被流放。在这一系列的革命运动中有着深远意义的持续性革命仅包括：奥地利和匈牙利农奴制的废除、丹麦君主专制的结束和法国卡佩王朝君主独裁的最终终结。