漫谈复形物质名词

在复形名词中,国内学生最感困难的大概就是复形物质名词和复形抽象名词了。在他们心目中,许多物质名词如 bread, water, vegetable, fog 等,许多抽象名词如 ability, study, research, friendship 等,都似乎不应该有复数形式。然而这些名词却都有复形,分别变为 breads, waters, vegetables, fogs, abilities, studies, researches, friendships。这是为什么呢?这无疑是值得探讨的。本文拟只谈复形物质名词。

首先,应该指出,有不少物质名词之所以有复数形式,是因为它们是可数的,如 bricks, bronzes (青铜器), cakes, chocolates, clouds, coals (烧红的煤块), colours, crops, fields, foods (指种类),hairs, ices (冰激凌), jellies (指一份一份的果冻或肉冻), liquids, seeds, sounds, wines (指种类)。由此可见,并非所有物质名词都是不可数的。

但我们必须承认,确是有一些物质名词是不可数的,但却可用复数形式。怎样去理解这种复形物质名词呢?换言之,它们既然不可数,为什么要用复数形式呢?我们的答案是:它们虽不可数,但它们却有复数概念(或复数意念,皆可简称之为复念)。

什么是复数概念呢?复数概念有两层意思:一是指数目(number)上是复数,一是指数量(quantity)上是复数。数目上有复念的名词即可数,数量上有复念的名词则不可数。所谓不可数的复形名词就是表各种数量的名词。不可数的复形物质名词也是一样,是表示各种数量的物质名词。

不可数的复形物质名词表示什么数量呢?我们说,它表示的是“多量”或“若干量”,或者说“多个部分”或“若干部分”。它可分为几种不同情况,让我们分别举例说明如下:

第一种情况是表 “多种类” 或 “若干种类”, 意指 “各种” 或 “种种”, 如:

(1)Black Dobson sold breads and rolls. (breads 指各种面包)

(2)They came to a dirty shopwindow in a dirty street, which was made almost opaque by the steam of hot meats , vegetables and puddings. (meats 指各种肉食。其实,从句法观点来看, vegetables 与 puddings 在此亦不可数,分别指各种菜食与各种布丁)

(3)Nothing was astir there but the smell of coffee, wine, tobacco, and syrups . (syrups 指各种糖浆)

(4)Our college has also experimented with producing soaps , perfume and cosmetics that help prevent the disease. (soaps 指各种肥皂)

(5)There are accessible to you, in libraries, any number of books and treatises about different kinds of woods . (woods 在此指各种木头)

第二种情况只表“多量”或“若干量”(amounts), 如:

(6)Ashes were all that remained of her books after the fire. (ashes 指若干量的灰烬)

(7)He owns lands in Scotland. (lands 意味着“若干地产”)

(8)Morning dews glitter in the sun. (dews 指大量的露水)

(9)We are now determined to travel that road when the snows thaw. (snows 在此意味着大量而深深的积雪)

(10)He has shaved off his whiskers . (whiskers 指连鬓胡子,有“多量”的含义,其单形 whisker 已较古旧。)

表“多量”或“若干量”的不可数复形物质名词还有下列几小类(其单形多已不用):

1.表衣服的有clothes, furs (皮衣), silks (绸衣), woolens (毛料衣服), rags (破烂衣服)等。

2.表衣料的有cottons (棉织品), woolens (毛织品)等。

3.表渣滓碎物等的有 dregs, grounds, smithereens, 此外还有许多以 -ing 结尾的如 combings, droppings, fillings, peelings, pickings (采摘物), sharings 等。

4.由形容词变来的不可数复形物质名词亦应属于这一类,如 goods (源自 good things), greens (青菜)等。

第三种情况乃指连绵不断的大量的或若干量的事物,如 waters, rains, floods, sands 等, 实例如:

(11)I looked up at the stately pagoda under the setting sun and down at the waters of the Yanhe River. (waters 指连绵不断的水)

(12)We had flooding because of last week's heavy rains . (rains 是大量的连续不断的雨)

(13)If it continues to rain like this we shall have floods . (floods 指大量的连续不断的洪水。此处亦可用单形 flood, 但不及 floods 生动)

(14)The children are playing on the sands . (sands 指由大量的连绵不断的沙土构成的沙滩)

第四种情况指阵阵发生的大量的或若干量的事物或现象,如 winds, fogs, mists, frosts, sweats 等,实例如:

(15)Winds blowing at ninety miles an hour toppled trees and cars. (winds 在此不可数,指阵阵的大风。注意 winds 常有修饰语,如此处的现在分词短语 blowing at ninety miles an hour, 再如 warm southernly winds)

(16)We often have bad fogs on the south coast during winter. (fogs 在此不可数,指一阵一阵的或一场一场的雾)

(17)John Keats, a famous English poet, wrote that autumn was the season of mists . (mists 在此不可数,亦指一阵阵或一场场的雾)

(18)Early frosts spoil the last of the flowers. (frosts 在此不可数,指下的一场场霜)

(19)Every two hours she had sudden sweats . (sweats 指出的一阵阵的汗)

第五种情况指多笔的或一宗一宗的款项等,如 funds, moneys, profits, damages 等,实例如:

(20)I'm short of funds so I'll pay you next week.

(21)The bank has various moneys which it can use for this purpose. (moneys 在此亦有各种款额的含义)

(22)They want us to work hard? But who get the profits ?

(23)The court ordered him to pay 300 yuan damages to the person he had hurt. (damages 意谓赔偿费)

第六种情况指成对的不可数的复形物质名词,常指工具和衣服。工具如 bellows (风箱),binoculars (双筒望远镜), glasses (=eye-glasses 眼镜), goggles (风镜), handcuffs (手铐,亦简称作 cuffs), pliers (手钳), scissors, tweezers (镊子)等;衣着如 braces (背带), drawers (短裤), nylons (尼龙长袜), pajamas, trousers, trunks (男游泳裤)等。这种复形物质名词大都可借助 pair 等量词表出可数性来,如 a pair of trousers。

最后,应该补充说明两点:一是不可数复形物质名词虽然大都表复念,但也有表零念(即既非单念亦非复念)与单念的情况。表零念者如:

(24)Oats is a crop mainly grown in cool climate. (不可数复形物质名词 oats 在此即表零念)

表单念者如:

(25)They are a light victuals . (不可数复形物质名词 victuals 在此即表单念)

二是不可数的复形物质名词,从词源上看,并非都是正经八百的复形名词。比如 alms 与 riches, 它们现在皆被看作复形,并有复念,但它们最初却都是单形名词。它们现在的复形乃是历史演变的结果。