有读者问:each 和 every 到底有什么区别?为什么有时二者可以互换,有时又似乎不可以互换?
总的来说,each 和 every 皆意谓“每一个”,但 each 强调个别, every 强调整体。即一位西方语法大师所谓的“each singles out where every unites”, 试比较:
(1)Each one gave his opinion.
(2)Every one gave his opinion.
例(1)的意思是“每个人都发表了意见”, each one 强调一个个具体的个别的人。例(2)的意思是“人人都发表了意见”, every one 强调整体,即相当于“我们大家(we all)”,但又不完全等于“我们大家”,因为它毕竟还有“每一个人”的概念。再如有一位语法家举了这样一个例子,极为生动地说明了 every 与 each 的区别:
(3)Caesar has left every man his fields (the film showed us all the people cheering and looking joyfully at one another)and to each (pause: the film gave a close-up of one man after another, looking enquiringly and then congratulating himself, as Antony went on)a thousand drachmas.(这个句子是从一部关于古罗马凯撒大帝的影片摘出来的。说话人是古罗马将军安东尼)
括号中的解释是语法家加入的。他说当安东尼说完 Caesar has left every man his fields 时,电影显出的镜头是:人人欢呼,高兴地你看我,我看你。这个镜头生动地说明 every man 指的是所有的人们,强调整体。但当安东尼说到 and to each 时,则停顿了一下,之后影片中出现的却是:一个人接一个人的特写镜头,每个人都射出询问的眼光,接着就为自己庆幸不已。这些一个个特写镜头同样生动地说明 each 乃指的是一个个具体个别的人,不强调整体,而强调个别。
从上述两例可以看出, each 和 every 虽然可以互换,但二者的涵义有所不同。但如果 every 泛指人或物时,则一般不能代之以 each,如:
(4)Every man is mortal. (every 泛指人)
(5)Every eye was upon him. (every 泛指物)
但有时 every 虽是泛指,却也可以代之以 each,但二者的涵义仍不相同。试比较:
(6)Every theory is open to objection.
(7)Each theory is open to objection.
例(6)中的 every theory 泛指所有的现存理论,这些理论的数量是不定的,换言之,当我们说 every theory 时,我们的心目中并没有一个数量的限定范围。例(7)中 each theory 则指我们心目中的一个有限的数量范围之内每一个特定的理论而言。
这样说来, every 是不是只可用于数量无限的范围了呢?不,它也可以用于数量有限的范围,但如前所述,它强调所组成的整体,如:
(8)Every one of the cups was clean.
例(8)中的 cups 肯定是有限的, every one of the cups 实际上相当于 all the cups。
有人说 every 不可用于小的数量范围,这种看法虽不无根据,但似乎有点绝对化。事实上, every 有时亦可用于小的数量范围,如:
(9)He had five sons every one of whom made himself more or less conspicuous as a practical reformer in one path or another.
这里的 every 与其说是强调整体,不如说是强调“无一例外”的概念。
在所指的数量上, every 亦与 each 有所不同。前者须用来指三个或三个以上的事物。如例(9)中的 every 指“五个儿子”中的每一个,例(1)中的 each one 则可指两个人中的每一个,也可指两个以上的人中的每一个。
另外,在下列句子中,一般皆须用 every,不用 each:
(10)Every one passed but Tom. (but 亦可代之以 except,这里不可用 each one)
(11)Not every horse can run fast.(every 可用于否定, each 则不可)
(12)His every movement was watched. (every 的这种用法较为文气)
(13)I wish you every success. (every 在此意谓 complete)
(14)She shows every concern for us. (every 在此意谓“一切可能的”)
(15)Goodbye, everybody ! (不可用 each person)
(16)Almost every evening friends dropped in to see him.
(every 前可有 almost, absolutely 等语气副词, each 则不可)
(17)I enjoyed every minute of the party.(这是一种习惯说法,不可用 each)
(18)One apple out of every ten is bad. (out of 亦可代之以 in,皆是习惯用法)
在下列说法中,一般也都必须用 every:
every other day (line, ete. )
every third day ( tree , ete. )
every five days ( miles , ete.)
every few days ( yards, ete. )
every now and then
in every way
在下列复合词中,不消说,也都必须用 every:
everybody(不定代词)
everyone(不定代词)
everything(不定代词)
everyday(形容词)
everywhere(副词)
表示“每日(夜、晚)”、“每周”、“每月”、“每年”、“每时”、“每次”等分布概念时,一般多用 every,如:
(19)I get up at six every day.
(20)He telephoned his mother every week.
(21)He said it every night.
(22)Our team wins every time.
(23)Every time I went to his home, he was out.
(24)Every morning he went out early to fish.
(25)Do you have a physical examination every year?
但如强调分布概念并表示对具体的“每日”、“每月”等有一种较为熟悉之感(intimate knowledge)时,则可用 each,如:
(26)About 14,000 women in Britain die each year from breast cancer.
(27)Get Xiren to see that you take one (pill)each evening at bedtime.
(这里用 each 显然为了强调“每晚”的分布概念。在同书的下文中则有“Ever since you ordered it, madam, Xiren has been giving me one (pill)every evening.” 这样一句话,句中的 every 自然表的是一般分布概念,不必强调)
不定代词 each,总的来说,多用于有限的范围,如上述例(1)与例(7)所示。它还常用来表分配的概念,如:
(28)She gave two apples to each child.
(29)A parent divided his property among his children, and gave to each his due share.
each 强调一个个具体个别的人或事物,如:
(30)Put each of them in an envelope.
(31)He knows each person in the society.
(32)From each according to his ability. To each according to his work.
(33)Who knows that each grain of rice we eat is the fruit of intensive toil?
(这句话是“谁知盘中餐,粒粒皆辛苦!”的译文)
each 往往表示所说的事物是各不相同的,如:
(34)Each of his locks is unique. (is 亦可代之以 are)
(35)It was all highly specialized labour, each man having his task to do.
(这里指每个人有各自不同的分工)
each 常用于较小的数量范围,但如想强调个别性, each 亦可用于较大数量范围,如:
(36)There are more than ten thousand million of us, and each is contributing his share in the great modernization drive.
请注意在下列句子中,一般皆须使用 each,不可使用 every:
(37)He was sitting with a child on each side of him.
(表示两个事物中的每一个,须用 each,不可用 every)
(38)The boys each say they came first in the race.
(each 可用作同位语)
(39)Each was given his particular orders.(each 用作实词, every 只可用作形容词)
(40)They were given two each . (each 可用作副词)
(41)Each is worse than the one before. (这里须用 each 与 one 搭配)
(42)There is a row of beds with a curtain between each bed.
(“between each+单形名词”是一种习惯说法)
在以下固定说法中亦皆须用 each: each other, each and all, with each passing day。
以上讲了不少关于 each 和 every 是如何不同的情况,好像二者壁垒分明,毫无相同之处似的。其实不然,两者有时不但可以通用,而且可以说没有什么区别,如:
(43)Each girl must bring her own notebook.
(44)Every girl must bring her own notebook.
这两句中 each girl 和 every girl 实际上皆相当于 all girls。有时在同一句中,为了避免重复, each 和 every 同时出现,说明二者简直无甚区别,如:
(45)Just as every tree has its own bark, so each one of us has his own face to consider.
再请看下面一例:
(46)The demand for oil was soaring, exceeding supply. Crude brought three dollars and more at the well head for each and every barrel that gushed or flowed or was pumped to the surface.
这里的 each and every 已成一固定说法,更说明二者没有什么区别了。
