in order that 之后不可用 can (could)吗?

有读者问: 有的参考书上说 in order that 之后不可用 can (could), 有的参考书则说可以,孰是孰非,请赐教。

在英国这是一个多年来有争议的问题。早在20世纪20年代,英国有一位大家就说过 in order that 之后用 can (could)与 will (would)无疑是错误的。到了80年代, A.J.汤姆森和 A.V.马蒂内特所著的《牛津实用英语语法》还说 in order that 之后只限于用 may, shall 以及它们的过去式。而英国语法家 L.G.亚力山大所著的《朗文英语语法》则认为 in order that 之后可以用 can (could), 并举例如下:

(1)I've arrived early so that/in order that I may/can /will get a good view of the procession.

由此可见,直到如今,在 in order that 之后是否可用 can (could)的问题,在英国仍在争议之中。

在美国的情况如何呢?据近年出版的一本权威著作《韦氏英语惯用法词典》(Webster's Dictionary of English Usage )说,美国作家和评论家们是不理会 in order that 之后不可用 can (could)这种看法的。

我们认为 in order that 之后可用 can (could)是客观存在。除上述例(1)之外,还有:

(2)She has bought the book in order that she can follow the TV lessons.

(3)It was as if an immense mass of rocks had been thrown down upon a grassy field; in order that the grass and flowers could bloom again, it was necessary that the pressure should be removed.(作者为一英国文学家)

(4)John visited London in order that he could see his MP. (摘自一英国权威语法著作)

最有权威的英人夸克等所著的《英语语法大全》 (A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language )一书也认可了 in order that 之后可用 can (could)的现象。

前已提及,美国英语学者一般皆认为 in order that 之后可接 can (could)。 这里举一例即可:

(5)She turned off the record player in order that her roommate could study.

但有下面几点值得注意:

1. in order that 不及 so that 普通。

2. in order that 是正式英语,较为文气。

3. in order that 较表“目的”的 so that 富有表现力。

4. in order that 常后接 may (might), 有时也后接 should, 而后接 can (could)的情况似乎较少。

5. in order that 后接 can (could)有一种其所表的目的较为明确紧要的含义。