关于现在完成时的两个问题

有读者提出现在完成时如无for(经历)或since(自从)所引导的状语所修饰,其所表示的动作是否会延续下去这样的问题。

一般来说,如果没有for或since引导的状语,现在完成时所表的动作或状态,皆已完成或结束,只是其结果仍影响于现在。如:

(1)He has gone . (动作已结束,含义是 “He is not here now.”)

(2)She has been ill. (病的状态已结束,含义是“That's why she looks pale.”)

但不可绝对化,例外还是有的,虽然为数较少。比较常见的情况有下面两种:

1. 在连词since引导的状语从句中,完成时态所表的动作或状态有时仍在延续,如:

(3)There have not been many visitors since we have lived here.

(4)He has visited me quite often since I have been ill.

(5)I have gone camping twice since I have owned a bike.

(6)Her English writing has improved a lot since she has kept a diary in English.

(7)He has been grey-headed ever since I have known him.

上面5例中since之后的现在完成时所表的动作或状态显然仍会延续下去,但应注意:5例中,这些完成式动词都是持续动词(或叫做无限动词);since在此有from the beginning的含义。

这是不是说since从句中的现在完成时所表的动作都会无例外地延续下去呢? 事实并非如此。试举两三个例外如下:

(8)It's a long time since I have seen you. (注意see不是持续动词)

(9)It's an age since you have been here.

(10)It is now four years since I have studied this question. (如将since代之以that, have studied当然会延续下去,因为全句已变为强调结构)

2. 据一位英语学家说,英语里只有continue一词的完成式可以表示其动作或状态仍在延续,如:

(11)In the Philippines the typhoon has continued north.

动词remain的意思是continue to be,所以它的完成式亦可表延续下去的动作,如:

(12)He has remained neutral.

有一位读者问到,现在完成时如与for(经历)或since(自从)连用,它所表示的动作是否必然要延续下去。

回答是否定的。应该承认,具有for或since引导的状语的现在完成时所表的动作往往会延续下去,但也应指出,在一定的上下文中,它所表示的动作并不再延续,如:

(13)Have you waited long? (long=for long)

(14)I've lived here since I was nine, but now I'm going away.