有不少读者来信问到关于形容词后接不定式的问题,例如“形容词+不定式”结构有哪几种? 不定式与形容词的语法关系如何? 有哪些形容词可后接不定式?
在这里,我们就对上述问题作一简要的说明。先说“形容词+不定式”结构的种类吧。关于“形容词+不定式”的分类,各家说法不一。但如从全句主语与不定式的逻辑主语是否一致来看,这种结构则只有两大类。一类是全句主语与不定式的逻辑主语是同一主语; 另一类则是二者不是同一个主语。这两大类又可各自分作几小类。现分别论述如下:
第一类: 全句主语与不定式的逻辑主语是相同的。这一类又可分为四小类:
1. 形容词是评估性的,常用以表扬或批评人,常见的有 clever, crazy, foolish, generous, good, greedy, kind, mad, nice, polite, right, rude, selfish, silly, splendid, unkind, unselfish, wicked, wrong 等,例:
(1)He was kind to help us.
(2)He is splendid to wait .
(3)You're foolish to spend so much.
(4)You were wrong to tell a lie.
这种句子结构中的形容词可变为名词短语,如:
(5)He must be a splendid man to build this house. (保留形容词 splendid)
(6)You're a fool to spend so much. (不保留形容词 foolish)
这种句子结构的主语如是人称代词,则更常用it 作形式主语,如:
(7)It was kind of you to help us .
(8)It was wrong of you to tell a lie .
(9)It was foolish of you to spend so much .
有些以 -ing 结尾的形容词(即已变为形容词的现在分词如 annoying, boring, trying 等)则常用这种以it为形式主语的句子结构,如:
(10)It was annoying of John to lose my keys .
这种以it为形式主语的句子结构,真实主语如十分明显,常可省去,如:
(11)It was silly (of us )to believe him .
也可省去不定式,如:
(12)It's kind of you (to help me ).
这种句子结构也常用于感叹句中,如:
(13)How kind of him to help us !
(14)Wasn't he kind to help us !
(15)Wasn't it kind (of him )to help us !
2.形容词是指快或慢的,如slow, quick 和 prompt, 如:
(16)He is slow to react .
(17)He is quick to react .
这种句子中的形容词皆可变作副词而其意义不变(上述第一小类中则只有一部分形容词可变为副词,如He was very kind to help us. 可变为 He very kindly helped us., 而不是全部),如例(16)和(17)即可分别变作:
(18)He reacts slowly .
(19)He reacts quickly .
这种句子结构中的形容词还可后接“介词+动名词”,所以例 (16)和(17)也可分别变作:
(20)He is slow in reacting.
(21)He is quick in reacting.
3. 形容词表感情,其后的不定式表原因。这一类形容词有 afraid, angry, ashamed, content, furious, glad, happy, impatient, indignant, jubilant, sorry, thankful 等。此外还有许多已变为形容词的过去分词,如annoyed, astonished, bored, delighted, disappointed, frightened, interested, overjoyed, puzzled, relieved, surprised, worried 等,如:
(22)I am sorry to hear that.
(23)He is afraid to ask you.
(24)I am very glad to serve .
(25)They were delighted to accept the invitation.
4. 形容词表意愿或能力、可能性、倾向等情态。这一类形容词为数较多,有able, anxious, apt, certain, curious, due, eager, eligible, fit, free, greedy, hesitant, impotent, keen, liable, likely, loath, powerless, prone, ready, reluctant, sure, unable, welcome, willing, worthy 等。已变成形容词的过去分词有 determined, disposed, fated, inclined, poised, prepared, set, unqualified 等,如:
(26)I am anxious to discuss it with him.
(27)I am due to leave quite soon now.
(28)Lei Feng was always ready to help others.
(29)You are welcome to borrow any of my books.
(30)Every one of them was prepared to join the rescue team.
其中有些形容词在 “be + 形容词 + to” 结构中已变成半情态动词的一部分,如“be able to”,“be apt to”,“be certain (sure)to”,“be liable to”,“be willing to ”等。
表习惯的形容词 accustomed (用于正式文体中)和wont (现已少见)亦应属于这一类,如:
(31)We are accustomed to take tea on the terrace.
第二类: 全句的主语与不定式的逻辑主语是不同的。这一类又可分为两小类:
1. 形容词表难易或是否适意,如 awkward, convenient, difficult, easy, hard, impossible, nice, pleasant, tough, tricky, unpleasant等。其后的不定式必须是及物动词,其逻辑宾语正是全句的主语,如:
(32)Mary is hard to convince .
(33)He is easy to please .
不定式亦可以介词结尾,如:
(34)She is pleasant to talk to .
这一类形容词可变作不定式短语的表语,如例 (31)可变作:
(35)To convince Mary is hard . (不定式短语to convince Mary 变成了主语,hard变作它的表语)
例(35)当然也可变作为形式主语it所引导的句子结构:
(36)It is hard to convince Mary.
这一类形容词之后可插入 “for +不定式的主语”结构,如:
(37)Those darts are tricky (for a beginner)to use .
有时不定式的主语是泛指任何人的,如:
(38)Jack is easy to fool . (=Jack is easy for anyone to fool.)
这种形容词之后的不定式很少用否定结构(即not+不定式),但却可用于为形式主语it所引导的句子结构,如:
(39)It is impossible not to offend Mrs. Rumbold.
2. 形容词 available, fit, free, ready, sufficient 等后接不定式,例如:
(40)The food is ready to eat .
(41)Are these cups available to use ?
这一类形容词和前一类表难易或适意与否的形容词并不一样,它后面的不定式不可变作全句的主语,如例 (40)即不可变作To eat food is ready。此外,这一类形容词后的不定式一般皆可变为被动结构而意义不变,如例 (41)中的to use 即可变为to be used 而意义不变:
(42)Are these cups available to be used ?
又,这一类形容词后的不定式往往可省去,如:
(43)Are these cups available (to use) ?
(44)The air is frosty (to breathe) .
(45)Its fur is soft (to touch) .
同前一类一样,这一类形容词之后的不定式亦可以介词结尾,如:
(46)This paper is terribly flimsy to write on .
同前一类一样,这一类形容词之后亦可插入 “for + 不定式的主语”,如:
(47)Are these books free (for visitors)to borrow ?
除上述两大类外,还有一类形容词可用作其后的不定式的表语,其所在的句子结构皆以it作为形式主语,以不定式作为真实主语。这一类形容词为数较多,现仅举几例如下:
(48)It is good to be here.
(49)It would be foolish not to accept their offer.
(50)It is easy to start the car.
不消说,上述例句皆可不用it 而将主语不定式移至句首。
这一类形容词之后亦可插入 “for+不定式的主语”结构,如:
(51)It won't be easy for Tom to find a new job.
这一类形容词之后有时亦可接动名词,如:
(52)It is hard speaking in public.
还有一些表劝告、需要、义务等的形容词,如 advisable, essential, fortunate, important, lucky, possible, strange, surprising, vital 等,亦属于这一类,例:
(53)It is important to reply to her letter.
(54)It is essential to spray the trees every year.
(55)It is vital to be properly clad.
这些形容词亦可后接“that (should)...”从句,如例 (53)即可变作:
(56)It is important that we (should )reply to her letter.
关于“形容词+不定式”结构的种类,我们就谈这些。现在让我们谈第二个问题,即形容词与其后的不定式的语法关系。这个问题实际上是一个对形容词来说不定式起什么作用的问题。许多语法家都认为形容词后的不定式起状语的作用,如上述第一大类的第一小类中的不定式表结果,第二小类中的不定式表方面或方式,第三小类中的不定式表原因,第四小类中的不定式亦表方面,第二大类的第二小类中的不定式亦表方面。但也有的语法家认为第一大类的第三小类和第二大类的第二小类中的不定式是其前的形容词的宾语。近年英国出版的权威著作《综合英语语法》则认为形容词后的不定式皆为形容词的补充成分 (complementation)。我们认为这部权威著作的看法不仅正确,而且非常实用。这样,上述各类,包括第二大类第一小类中的不定式以及最后一类其中的不定式起什么作用的问题就都解决了。
对于第三个问题,即有哪些形容词之后可用不定式的问题,我们难以确切的数字来回答。但这种比较常见的形容词 (不包括已变作形容词的过去分词在内),我们在上文中已列出的就已近百了。可见这种可后接不定式的形容词,为数一定不少。但读者如想知道具体什么形容词可后接不定式的话,则可查较好的着重用法的英语词典。我们愿推荐最新的《朗文当代英语词典》。在这本词典中,你不仅可以找到有关这种形容词的例句(其他一些同类的词典也都有例句),而且还有明显的标志[F+to+v]。这个标志意味着有关的形容词之前通常为be或其它连系动词,其后皆可接一带to的不定式。
