形容词前置与后置有何异同?

有一读者问: 有些形容词既可以置于名词之前,亦可置于名词之后,请问有何区别?

英语里确有少数形容词可置于名词之前,亦可置于名词之后。有些形容词的含义并不因其位置的变化而有所不同,这种形容词多以-able或 -ible结尾,如available, eligible, imaginable, possible, taxable 等,例如:

(1)Put into the simplest language possible , criticism is the art of discovering and of stating what is good and what is bad in a book. (亦可将 possible 置于名词 language 之前)

(2)The horse, when I mounted him, had pranced in the most delightful imaginable way. (亦可将imaginable 置于名词way 之后)

(3)I doubt whether we can complete our contract in the time available . (或说in the available time)

(4)He is the only suitable actor for the part. (亦可说 the only actor suitable)

但有时这种形容词则不宜后置,如:

(5)Literature means the possible appeal of language to the higher emotions and nobler sentiments. (appeal 后有短语,故不宜将possible 置于appeal 与of 短语之间)

除以-able 与-ible 结尾的外,还有一些其他形容词亦可前置或后置而意义不变,如:

(6)Have you got enough time to finish it? (亦可说time enough)

(7)He ran across to the opposite house. (亦可说the house opposite)

(8)In an instant, the lad entered the room adjoining .(亦可说the adjoining room)

(9)This is proof positive that there is no great genius in him.(亦可说positive proof)

(10)The sum total is $1,200. (亦可说the total sum)

此外还有aggregate, appointed, desired, following,past, preceding, required 等形容词皆可前置或后置而意义不变。即使一些比较固定的说法中的形容词亦如此,如:

(11)a general secretary

a secretary general

(12)knights errant

errant knights

(13)verb transitive

transitive verb

上述为形容词前置或后置而其意义不变的情况,但有时形容词则随其位置不同而其意义有所不同。这一类常见的形容词有concerned, elect, involved, present, proper, responsible 等。试比较:

(14)The concerned doctor rang for an ambulance. (concerned 前置,意谓“焦急的”)

The doctor concerned is on holiday. (concerned 后置,意谓“有关的”)

(15)It was a very involved explanation. (involved前置,意谓“复杂的”)

The boy involved has left. (involved 后置,意谓“与此事有牵连的”)

(16)Present employees number 3,000. (present 前置,意谓“现有的”)

Employees present should vote on the issue.(present 后置,意谓“在场的”或“到会的”)

但也有例外情况,如involved (有关的)与名词 parties 连用时,不管前置或后置,其意义都不变。

有时,形容词则随着位置不同而其含义有所不同。一般说来,形容词前置时表一种永久状态,后置时则表一种临时或一时的情况。试比较:

(17)He was an insane man. (an insane man 意谓“一个疯了的人”)

He was a man insane . (a man insane 意谓“一个一时怒火万丈失去控制的人”)

再比较:

(18)the visible stars(意谓“可见的星星”)

the stars visible (意谓“在一特定时间可以看见的星星”)

(19)navigable rivers (意谓“可永久航行的河流”)

rivers navigable (意谓“一时可航行的河流”)

但请注意,名词之后如有两个并列的形容词,在正式文体中亦可表永久的状态,如:

(20)A man dark and large stalked near and he had a shotgun over his arm. (dark and large 在此后置,但并非表临时状态)

最后,亦应指出,当形容词本身具有修饰语时,有时亦可前置或后置而其意义不变,如:

(21)It is a 5,000-foot high mountain. (亦可说a mountain 5,000 feet high)

(22)A man so difficult to please must be hard to work with. (亦可说 so difficult a man to please。 但须注意,difficult 在此虽可前置,但绝非单独修饰其后的名词man, 而仍与其修饰语to please 一起修饰 man。这是一种特殊情况,再如 a difficult plan to carry out [= a plan difficult to carry out], a person more qualified than the previous one [=a more qualified person than the previous one], so odd an idea as to be unbelievable [=an idea so odd as to be unbelievable] 等皆属于这一类)