这里还想谈一个问题,即有关副词too的问题。
在讨论一些具体问题之前,首先有必要弄清楚副词too的用法与含义。too的用法有二:一是用作一般副词,可修饰形容词、副词等;二是用作句子副词,用以修饰全句。作为一般副词,too 又有两种截然不同的含义,一是in a higher degree than is allowable or required (超过了所允许或需要的程度,意即“太”或“过分”),如:
(1)You eat too much. You'll get fat.
(2)He's coming, but one can't be too sure.
(3)Dance? Oh, I'm too old for that.
另一种含义是extremely, very (非常),如:
(4)I'm not feeling too well.
(5)It was just too delicious!
(6)There is not too much to see.
作为句子副词,too常意谓also(也),如:
(7)She went and I went too .
(8)—I love chocolate.
—Sophie loves it, too , so don't eat it all.
现在谈谈几个具体的问题。最常遇到的问题是下面两个句子的区别:
(9)I'm too tired to do it.
(10)I'm only too glad to do it.
这两个句子都是too...to...结构,但为什么二者的意义却不相同甚至相反呢?
例(9)与例(10)的主要区别在于两句中too的含义完全不同。例(9)中的too意谓“过分”,所以全句的意思是: 我太累了,因而不能做此事。例(10)中的 too则意谓“非常”,only只是一个用以加强语气的强调词(intensifier), 所以全句的意思是:我正是非常高兴做此事的。
从语法关系来看,两句中的too所修饰的对象也不相同。例(9)中的too显然只修饰tired, 不可能修饰tired to do it, 因为它不是一个独立的有意义的词组;例(10)中的too(或only too)则是修饰其后的整个有独立意义的词组glad to do it。
从语音的角度看,两句中的too也有所不同:例(9)中的too不重读,而例(10)中的 too则须重读。
有的读者可能要问:一般语法书上都说例(9)中的不定式短语to do it表示一种不能实现的结果,但未说明理由,你可以告诉我们是什么原因吗?
例(9)中的不定式短语to do it 意谓“不可能做此事”乃是一种特殊情况,从字面上是难以做出这样的解释的。答案得从历史演变中去找。据历史语法家们说,例(9)原是一种比较结构。但由于这种比较结构中的比较从句(即than引导的从句)有“结果”的含义,所以比较从句就缩减为不定式短语,但仍保留从属连词than,如有一位语法家提供了这样一个例证:
(11)I think more highly of him than to suppose that he would do it.(这里的不定式短语 to suppose...即由原来的than从句变来)
后来,“too + 原级”又代替了比较级,从而than便无存在的余地,于是发展为今天的:
(12)I think too highly of him to suppose that he would do it.
这就是当今英语的结构too...to...(表不能实现的结果)的来源。这种历史的探讨,显然没有多大实用价值,所以在一般实用语法书中皆不论及。
有读者还可能就例(10)发问:有的词典将only too看作一固定词组,说它=very, 这是不是说too 之前只可用强调词only, 不可用其他强调词呢?
only too 的确似乎最常用。当然,由于just与only同义,所以也常用just too,如:
(13)She was just too anxious to help you.
用其它强调词的情况似乎不多,这里只再举一例如下:
(14)We are far too content to drag out the old stale images that have lost all their savour and only make a fresh mind shudder at their ineptitude.
有的读者可能会问:too之前不用强调词可不可以呢?
在例(10)结构中,不用only等强调词,只用too, 当然也可以,而且并不罕见,如:
(15)“You are too anxious to make decisions," she said.
(16)I shouldn't have come out with him. I was too friendly, too eager to oblige.
(17)The coach felt the referee might have been too quick to hand out bookings.
有趣的是上述句子结构之后还可以再用一个表不能实现的结果的不定式短语,如:
(18)Tildy was too anxious to please to please.
这个句子中的too有双重含义。对第一个to please来说,too意谓“非常”,对第二个to please来说,too和其后的anxious to please一起则意谓“太急于取悦于人”,所以全句的意思是:蒂尔迪由于过分急于取悦于人反而不能取悦于人。
有些读者对于too在什么情况下可以直接修饰过去分词不太清楚。请先看下面两例:
(19)He was too frightened to speak.
(20)He was too much fatigued to eat.
为什么例 (19)用too frightened,而例(20)却用too much fatigued呢?
这是因为frightened已变为形容词,而fatigued则还是一个动词性质较强的过去分词的原故。由此可见,在与过去分词连用时,too的用法就与副词very完全一样了。
有的读者问道:语法书规定必须说:
(21)It's too difficult a task for me.
不可用a too difficult task,这是为什么?
这是结构和意义上的需要。正如必须说:
(22)It's so difficult a task that I can hardly cope with it.
而不可用 a so difficult task 一样。但如不用上述句型,a too difficult task和a so difficult task则并不是不可以说的,如:
(23)There was a too jocular manner in that phone call.
有的词典还明确规定不可说the too hot coffee, 只可说:
(24)The coffee is too hot.
但有人并不遵守它,例如有一位当代著名的英国小说家就曾用过the too straightfor
ward eyes。
关于一般副词 too,最后还有一点值得注意,即不要有这样一种错觉:too的后面的不定式总是状语。你看,下面例句中的不定式并不是状语,而是定语:
(25)You have too much to say. (to say 用作定语,修饰相当于名词的much)
(26)There is too much encouragement to be modest. (to be modest 是定语,修饰名词encouragement)
关于用作一般副词的too, 就谈到这里。现在让我们看看用作句子副词的too吧。关于句子副词too,最常遇到的问题就是:它与另一句子副词also有何不同?
这两个句子副词的意义基本相同,皆作“也”或“并且”解,但其语气、位置和用法不尽一样。too较口语化,常位于句末,前面往往有逗号,后面有句号。有时亦可用于句中,这时其前后常有逗号隔开,如:
(27)They're made in many other cities, too .
(28)Will they, too , be obliged to sing in German?
also 较正式,语气较轻,常位于助动词与动词之间,有时则像连词,位于句首,如:
(29)Ways are also found to make waste water clean.
(30)There's also a film about Doctor Bethune.
(31)You did your exercise incorrectly: also , you did not turn it in on time.
also 有时亦可置于句末,如:
(32)It served one other purpose also .
有时also亦可用于口语中,相当于and also,如:
(33)Remember your watch and money, also tickets.
too和also还有一点不同值得注意,即是too的语气较重,所以可用以突出名词;also则语气较轻,几乎等于and,试比较:
(34)He speaks English, and French too .
(35)He speaks English, (and)also French.
例(34)用too突出了名词French,使人感到他会讲法语是一件不寻常的事。例(35)用also, 并不突出French,只说明French是一种与English并列的语言而已。
有的读者问道:语法书规定否定句不可用too,只可用either,如:
(36)You can't swim. I can't either.
这样说是否有点绝对化呢?
我倒觉得我们应该遵守这条规则。但在非正式英语里,也有人不遵守,如:
(37)— Perhaps I didn't do much damage. I hope not.
— I hope not, too .
例(36)也可以改用too,变为:
(38)You can't swim, and I too can't swim.
最后,应该指出,too除作“也”解外,还有其它的含义。它有时可意谓though,如:
(39)I cannot keep these plants alive; I have watered them too .
在非正式英语里,尤其在美国,too有时还可相当于indeed,如:
(40)— Mr. B is dead.
— Mr. B is not dead, too .
顺便提及,在美国英语里,too还可以置于句首,俨然像一个连词,如:
(41)Too , there were rumours of his incorruptibility.
