有关几个连词的用法问题

有几位读者在来信中问及有关几个连词的某些用法问题,现让我们讨论如下:

有一位同学来信说有一本高中英语总复习参考书认为:所转述的是选择问句时,须用连词 whether...or...而不用 if...or...引导宾语从句。如:

(1)I asked him, “Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?”

须变为:

(2)I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.

可是我们的老师却认为:

(3)“Did you come here by car or by train?”he asked.

也可以变为:

(4)He asked me if I had gone there by car or by train.

我们的老师说 if...or...相当于 whether...or...,所以是对的。到底孰是孰非,请解答。如能给我讲讲 whether 和 if 的不同,那就更好了。

让我们先讨论你的第一个问题。旧的语法书有的规定 if (=whether)从句不可用 or,也有的规定不可用 if...or not, 甚至有的规定 if 不可用来表示“是否”。但现在以上三种规定都被打破了。所以上述例(2)可用 whether,也可用 if。在当代英语里, whether 或 if 不但可引导两种选择(如例[2]中的“留在家里”与“去看电影”),甚至可引导三种选择乃至更多,如:

(5)I don't care whether (或if )you do your homework or play outside or go to bed.

你的老师所给你们的例(4)是对的。下面一些用 if 的句子也都是对的:

(6)I don't care if they join us or not. (句中用 if...or not, if 从句用作宾语)

(7)I can't find out if the flight has been delayed or if it has been cancelled. (句中if 从句皆用作宾语)

(8)It is doubtful if he is coming. (if 从句在此作主语)

这么说来, if(=whether)与 whether 是不是没有任何区别了呢?不,区别还是有的。首先, if 没有 whether 那么正式,它常用在非正式文体中,尤其常用口语里。此外,在下面一些句子中, whether 一般不可代之以 if:

(9)Whether she will be invited to the meeting is not known. (if 从句用作主语时则一般不可放在句首)

(10)The question whether he should come himself or send a substitute must be decided upon. (if 从句则一般不用作同位语,虽然偶尔也有人用)

(11)The question is whether it is worth doing. (if 从句则一般不用作表语,虽然有时也有人用)

(12)There is some doubt as to whether the document is genuine. (if 从句则不可用作介词宾语)

(13)I will write you whether or not I can come. (whether 后可直接跟 or not 或 or no, if 一般则不可)

(14)He didn't tell us whether to wait for him or go on without him.(if 后则不可接不定式)

(15)Whether you like it or not, you'll have to do it. (if 从句则不可表“无论”或“不论”)

(16)I'll tell you later whether I can find the time.(这里用 whether 较好,因为如说 I'll tell you later if I can find the time, if 会有歧义:它可以表是否,也可以表条件。但在笔语中如在 if 之前用一逗号,则只表条件)

(17)You have to justify whether your journey is necessary. (whether 在此并非引导一个间接疑问句,故一般也不可代之以 if)

说来很有趣,也有必须用 if 而不能用 whether 的情况,那就是当从句用于否定结构的时候,如:

(18)I don't care if he doesn't show up.

有一读者来信问《英语语法手册》认为引导名词性从句的关联词包括 if,也就是说, if 也可用于主语从句和表语从句,这种说法对吗?

关于 if (=whether)所引导的从句是否可用作主语的问题,我们在前面已涉及(见例[8]与例[9]的说明),这里不再重复。至于 if 从句是否可用作表语,一般语法书的回答似乎都是否定的。但也有语法家认为是可以用作表语的,其例证是:

(19)The first question I put to him was whether (or if )he would do it.

我们也见过下面这样一类的句子:

(20)The criterion for us to judge is if it will further the prosperity of the country.

我们的意见已在前面例(11)之后表明。尤其对我国广大学生来说,更是不宜将 if 从句用作表语。

有一读者来信说在阅读中遇到这样一句话:

(21)One bitter morning in February the little boy came...about an hour late, and screaming with pain.

他问: screaming with pain 这一分词短语之前为何用连词 and?

连词 and 在此表示一种附加情况,相当于汉语中的“而且”。它不但可用在分词短语之前,而且也可以用在其他不同场合,如:

(22)How could I tell what had become of him—and night coming on too. (and 与分词独立结构连用)

(23)You've been mighty good to me, and me a stranger and nothing to you all.(and 和无分词独立结构连用)

(24)They accepted it at once and with evident pleasure. (and 与介词短语连用)

(25)There is one thing to be settled, and quickly. (and 与副词连用)

(26)I cannot keep these plants alive and I have watered them well too.(and 和一分句连用)

and 表“而且”还可用于其他一些场合,这里就不一一举例了。

一读者来信问下面一句中的 and 是什么意思:

(27)They want to eat their cake and still have it.

英语有一谚语云:

(28)You cannot eat your cake and have it.

它是“二者不可得兼”的意思。上述例(27)即脱胎于此,其意是:他们竟想兼有二者,那是不可能的。上述两句中的连词 and=and at the same time,意谓“同时”。例(28)如直译成汉语,则是:你不能(又)吃糕饼,同时(又)具有之。

又一读者来信说有这样一道选择题:

(29)You may go out_________your work is done.

A.before B.where C.until D.as

答案似乎是 until,但为什么不用 may not 否定结构呢?

其实你自己已经否定了选择 until 的答案。你的否定是对的。这里不可用 until,应用意谓“因为”的 as。

又一读者在信中说,有这样一个句子:

(30)He recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before, so he went over...

请问将第一分句改为分词短语之后,句中的 so 是否还须保留?

第一分句变为分词短语之后,句中的 so 必须去掉。全句应变作:

(31)Recognizing the man who had been his classmate ten years before, he went over...

这样,分词短语即表原因,所以就不能再用so了(英语习惯如此)。但请注意,如将例(30)转换成非并列句,则不仅可转换成例(31),亦可转换作:

(32)When he recognized the man who had been his classmate ten years before, he went over ...