有一读者问: 有这样一个句子:
(1)China is a wonderful and educational experience.
这句话似乎不合逻辑,China怎能是一个experience呢?
是的,孤立地看,似乎难以理解。但如从上下文看,就会发现用作主语的专有名词China在此并不只等同于“中国”,而是具有句法意义的,它实际上意味着“在中国旅游或工作”。像China这样具有句法意义的专有名词,在英语里并不罕见,再如:
(2)Korea had lasted two years. (Korea指前文所指的“在朝鲜所进行的战争”)
(3)Europe was a succession of triumphs. (Europe指前文所说的“演员Toby在欧洲的演出”)
其实,具有句法意义的名词并不限于专有名词,有些普通名词也可以具有句法意义,如:
(4)In 1949, he joined a street folk farce troupe and there met Ma Songlin, one of China's most popular pi-pa players. The troupe was a tough and demanding job. (普通名词troupe指“在这个文工团中工作”)
(5)— You don't smoke, do you?
— No, I don't.
— It's your lungs, isn't it? Can't smoke.
— Well...yes, and no. I had a spot on my lung once, a long time ago. Now I can forget about it. But cigarettes , “smokes” as they call them down home, it doesn't go with sports, does it? (普通复数名词cigarettes在此显然指“吸烟”)
(6)If they're eating here, they're also most likely staying here. First we check the register, then we talk to your friendly stablehand. Ten dollars should find us the wagon, so that we can take a nice long, slow look. (名词短语ten dollars在此显然指“付给那个stablehand 10美元”)
有的读者也许会问:什么叫做句法意义? 这种具有句法意义的名词叫做什么呢? 我们知道,一个句子的最基本结构是主语+谓语。当我们说一个词或短语具有句法意义时,也就是说,它在语义上内含着一个句子。你看,句(1)中的China实际上等于说“人们在中国旅游或工作”,句(4)中的the troupe实际上等于说“他在这个文工团工作”。上述其他句子中的有关名词,皆可从中类似地找出与之相等同的句子来。
对于这种具有句法意义的名词,在语法中,应唤作什么,似乎还没有一致的意见。有的人将它唤作nexus-substantive(有人译之为“连系式名词”),有的人将它归入“名词化”(nominalization)。我们则初步认为,在实用语法中,暂且就唤之为“具有句法意义的名词”,也未尝不可。
