有一读者问:
(1)The British Prime Minister asked if a new Polish government might not be formed at Yalta.
(2)Matthew began to wonder if he hadn't better vote Grit at the next election.
(3)I wouldn't be surprised if he didn't try to blackmail you.
(4)I shouldn't wonder if the whole thing didn't seem rummy to you.
(5)If it isn't my old friend Bob Thomson—what a coincidence!
(6)Shucks! If that man ain't always showing up like a bad cold.
(7)What have we not suffered?
(8)How often have we not seen him?
这些句子中 if 之后的 not 是多余的吗?
有人可能将例(1)与例(2)之类的句子里 if 后的否定词 not 看作是多余的,但这里的 not 并非可有可无。实际上有无 not 在意义上有很大的不同。有 not 则全句表示肯定,没有 not 则全句表示疑问。试比较:
(9)She asked whether he couldn't help.(实质上意谓:她认为他能帮忙)
(10)She asked whether he could help.(表疑问,句末可加 or not, 全句意谓:她问他是否能帮忙)
请注意在例(9)与例(10)之类的句子中除常可用谓语动词 ask, wonder, doubt 等外,还可用 see, consider, discover 等,如:
(11)I just thought I would come to you to see if you couldn't (或 could)help find Joyce.
(12)He considered whether it wouldn't (或 would)be wiser to go to his room and look himself in.
(13)Let's catch them and discover if there aren't (或 are)more of them.
例(3)与例(4)属于一类。在这一类句型中, if 从句中的 not 的确是一种所谓的 “多余否定”,或是一个虚词,可以省去而意义不变。曾经有人反对这里用 not,但由于已积重难返,所以仍不鲜见,但迄今似乎仍不能登大雅之堂,只用在非正式的口语中。
读者可能会问:这种多余的 not 是如何产生的呢?有的语法家认为它源自形式上否定实义上肯定的否定疑问句,如:
(14)Are you not Mr. Smith? (实义= Are you Mr. Smith?)
我们认为这种看法是很有道理的。许多用否定形式表肯定的语言现象皆源于此。它之所以为人们所爱用,想是由于否定形式的语气更强于肯定形式的缘故。但也有人认为 not 在此表示一种但愿不是如此的愿望。
例(5)与例(6)共用一种句型,这种句型也只用于非正式的口语中。这里的否定也表示肯定,但都不可省去否定词 not。 这里的 not 实际上是表示一种较强烈的感情。例(5)的实义是:原来是我的老朋友鲍勃·汤姆森——多么巧啊!例(6)的实义是:真讨厌,那个人总是像重感冒一样缠着我。
请注意,这种句型皆用一般时态,如用虚拟时态,则其意义就大不相同了。比如若将例(5)改为:
(15)If it hadn't been my old friand Bob Thom son...
其意就变作:如果不是我的老友 Bob Thomson 的话……
例(7)与例(8)属于否定疑问感叹句。这种句子可以省去否定词 not 而意义不变。但似乎不能说 not 在此是多余的。因为用了 not 与不用 not 的语气并不相同,否定结构的语气显然要更强一些。这种否定结构比较常见,下面一些句子皆属此类:
(16)Who doesn't know that?
(17)Isn't he stupid?
(18)What wasn't my surprise!
(19)How many times had she not sat there, in white frocks, her hair hanging down as now!
关于上面所述的修辞性疑问句的来源,据一位美国著名语法家说,是由一个感叹句与一个疑问句混合而成。具体到例(19),他认为即是由感叹句:
(20)How many times she had sat there!
和疑问句:
(21)Had she not sat there many times?
混合而成的。
最后,请看几个有争议的句子:
(22)He couldn't sleep, not even with a sedative.
(23)I wouldn't let you touch me, not if I was starving.
(24)I didn't like to, not after what happened.
这种句子中的两个否定词可能是我们常说的双重否定 (double negative),也可能是这种句子的后一部分是一种省略结构(如例[22]的 not even with a sedative = I could not even sleep with a sedative); 也可能是多余否定,即 not 在此是多余的(如也可以说 He's never creative, even by mistake)。
