在许多情况下,用作主语的名词与其谓语动词不论在概念上或是形式上都是一致的,这是不言而喻的,所以我们在此只想着重谈一些数念与数形不一致的情况。
当主语的数念与数形不一致时,一般说来, 动词的形式多决定于主语的数念,而不决定于主语的数形。换言之,主语如果是单形但表复念,其动词多用复形,反之,如果主语是复形但表单念或零念,其动词多用单形。现让我们分别举例说明之。
先说主语用表复念的单形名词而谓语用复形动词。表复念的单形名词最常见的就是所谓集体名词。当这些名词表示各个成员或成分时,即应用复形动词,如:
(1)My family are early risers. (family 在此表各个成员)
(2)This group of chemicals all behave in the same way. (group 在此表各个成分)
有时,用作主语的单形集体名词既可用复形动词,也可用单形动词,但意义有所不同,如:
(3)The cabinet are agreed. (意谓内阁各成员意见一致,故须用are; 如说内阁作为一个集体出现了分歧,则须说 The cabinet is divided)
(4)The chorus were very good. (指合唱队员们;如用 was, chorus 则会被误会为“合唱”)
(5)Tunisia are still without a win. (Tunisia 在此指突尼斯球队,如用is则指国家)
在某些单形集体名词与动词的一致上,英美两国的习惯并不相同,如:
(6)The theatre company make a tour of the country every summer.( 英国人在 company, firm 等单形集体名词之后常用复形动词,美国人则常用单形动词)
(7)The Government are determined to resist aggression. (这也是英国用法, 美国人则用 is)
(8)The help are demanding higher wages. (help 意谓佣人们,主要是美国用法)
有些非集体名词偶尔也可以用作集体名词,需要复形动词,如:
(9)My house never dream of doing these things.
(10)All the world are good.
上面所讲的是“表复念的单形名词+复形动词”结构。现在再请看“表单念或零念的复形名词+单形动词”结构。这种结构在英语里也为数不少,如:
(11)Where's your manners ? (manners 在此意谓礼貌,表零念,故用单形动词 is, 但也可用复形动词 are)
(12)Economic conditions points to further inflation. (conditions 一般表复念,但作者在此却把 economic conditions 看作表零念的“经济形势”)
(13)Two weeks is a long time when you are ill in bed. (two weeks 在此指一段时间,表零念。表一笔钱的 ten dollars 以及表一段距离的 fifty miles 等皆应用单形动词)
(14)Sheep's brains is my favourite dish. (sheep's brains 是一种食物,在此表零念,故用 is)
(15)Politics is often a topic for discussion among them. (politics 在此表零念,但在 What are your politics? 中 politics 意谓“政治观点”,表复念,故须用复形动词 are)
(16)The data is very interesting. (有些复形外来名词常被用来表零念或单念, data 即是其中之一)
(17)Marbles is a game in which small hard glass balls are rolled along the ground towards each other. (marbles 在此意谓玻璃弹子球戏,表零念,故用单形动词 is)
(18)Our headquarters is not far from here. (headquarters 在此表单念,故用 is)
(19)There's a small general stores in the village. (a small general stores 显然具有单念,意谓“一小杂货店”)
有时主语由一个以上的名词构成,其间有连词或介词,也可用单形动词,也可用复形动词, 如:
(20)Bread and milk is wholesome food. (句中的bread and milk 是一种食物,故用单形动词is。 但须说 Bread and milk have gone up in price, 因为bread and milk 在此指两种单独的食物而言)
(21)The teacher with some of his pupils were cleaning the classroom. (这是把 teacher 和his pupils 都看作主语了,故用 were)
(22)Snuff or fan supply each pause of chat. (这是误把 or 当作 and 看待了,故用复形动词 supply)
(23)A number of people were injured. (实际上主语是 people, 故用复形动词 were。 但如number 是主语,则须用单形动词,如The number of chairs in the room is ten )
名词化的形容词用作主语时,亦须根据其数念使用动词,如:
(24)The true is to be distinguished from the false. (the true 在此表零念,故用 is)
(25)The rich are the oppressors; the poor are the oppressed. (the rich 和 the poor 皆有复念,故用 are)
关于动词的数形决定于主语数念的情况,就谈这么多吧。那么有没有动词的数形完全决定于主语数形的情况呢? 有的,但为数不多,当然亦不可忽视。现举一些例子如下:
(26)More than one question was asked. (有的语法家说这里 one 的力量太大了,故用单形动词)
(27)This is one of the doors that was damaged. (这里用 was是受了one 的影响,如果that 的先行词是doors 的话)
(28)The greater part of the bookcases was given up to the world's famous trials. (单形动词 was 与单形名词 part 一致)
(29)There are so many responsibilities on a person's mind when they're keeping house. (由于he 具男性,因而作者愿用中性的they 代表表单念的中性单形名词 person, 但they 为复形代词,故用复形动词 are)
关于主语与谓语动词的数的一致,除上述两种情况外,还有一种有趣的现象,即动词的数形并不决定于其主语的数念或数形,而决定于离它较近的名词的数念,这就是有些语法家所称的邻近原则,如:
(30)A man of abilities are needed. (句中的复形动词 are 与邻近的表复念的复形名词 abilities 一致)
(31)“I read somewhere the other day that one in three marriages now come to grief,” said Mr. Brown. (复形动词 come 与邻近的marriages 一致)
最后,请注意在倒装句中,尽管主语是表复念的复形名词,习惯上却常用单形动词,如:
(32)On the mother's side comes teachers , also one actor.
关于主谓语的一致问题, 暂时就谈这些。
