(1) ①but for意为“若不是”,等于only for/if it were not for/if it had not been for,用于虚拟语气。
- I would have been in real trouble but for/only for/if it had not been for your help.
若不是你帮忙,我可真要陷入麻烦中了。 - But for the storm, I would have been home before eight.
若不是这场暴风雨,8点前我就已到家了。 - But for/If it were not for his wise leadership, we should have failed.
若不是他的英明领导,我们就失败了。
②but for有时表示“除去”之意。
- But for an hour for lunch and rest, I am here all day.
除一个小时用于午饭和休息外,我全天都在这里。
(2) but that引出从句,可以表示:
①“不是……;除非”,相当于if ...not/were it not that/unless。
- It will go hard but that we shall carry out reforms.(but that=unless)
除非我们进行改革,否则事情就不好办了。
②“除……之外;只是(=except that)”。
- I ask nothing from you but that you should give a clear statement of what has happened.
我什么也不要求你,只是要你讲清楚所发生的事情。
③用于带not such a/an, not so之类的否定句或疑问句,表示否定意义,相当于that...not。
- He is absolutely not such a fool but that he understands it.
他绝不至于傻得连这个都不懂。
Nothing is so hard but that it becomes easy before a person who has a will.
不论事情有多难,在一个有志气的人面前都会变得容易。
④与it cannot be, it is impossible, it is not possible, how is it possible(疑问句)连用,意为“一定;不得不,不能不”。
- It cannot be but that we shall carry out our lofty goals step by step.
我们一定要一步一步实现自己的崇高目标。 - It was impossible but that he should refuse to get involved in such an impractical plan.
他当然要拒绝参与这项不切实际的计划了。 - How is it possible but that we should feel indignation about such a flagrant aggressive act?
对于这样一种明目张胆的侵略行径,我们感到义愤填膺不是理所当然的吗?
⑤用于“not but that(也可用what)”结构,意为“虽然……;可是……”。
- He is extremely strong — not but that he catches a cold at times.
他身体壮极了——虽然偶尔也感冒。
⑥在含有动词say, think, conceive, conclude, believe, know, see, be sure等疑问句、否定句里,构成双重否定(表示肯定),其中that常省略不用,俗语中也用but what。
- I could hardly believe but (that) he fulfilled so arduous a task within such a short period of time. (其中的but that也可用but what来代替)
他在这样短的时间里完成了这样一项艰巨的任务,我简直难以相信。
⑦在有动词doubt, deny的否定句、疑问句中,but, but that, but what等同于that,在现代英语中,通常只用that。
- I do not doubt (but) that this has caused you a lot of trouble.
我相信/不怀疑这给你造成了许多麻烦。 - I do not deny (but) that your task has been perfectly performed.
我不否认,你的任务完成得十分好。
⑧用在 “not (that)...but (that)”结构中,意为“不是(因为)……而是(因为)”,等于“not because...but because”。
- I'm sorry I can not go to the party, not that I take no interest in it, but (that) I have no time.
很抱歉,我不能去参加晚会,并非因为我不感兴趣,而是因为我没有时间。
(3) ①except for意思是“除了……以外(exception being made for)”,“如无……;如不是……(were it not for...);只是……”,是对前面所说情况打一点折扣或做一点修正,用直陈语气。
- The house is in good condition except for two windows being broken.
这房子状况良好,只是有两个窗户坏了。
②except for在用如but for时,用虚拟语气。
- Except for/But for its temples, Mount Hua would not be worth seeing.
华山若不是那些寺庙,就不值得看了。
③except for可以换成except that(从句)。(关于except for的用法,另见only that条。)
(4) apart from可以表示以下意思:
①“除……之外”,相当于besides。
- Apart from his typing, he had nothing else to do.
除打字外,他无其他事情可做。
②“只是……;除掉……”,相当于except for, without considering, aside from。
- Apart from him, everyone is happy. (这时接近于except的用法)
除他以外,每个人都很高兴。 - You have done a good job, apart from a few slight faults.
你做了一件很好的工作,只是有几个小毛病。
③脱离。
- There can be no knowledge apart from practice.
没有什么知识可以脱离实践。 - You can hardly consider the one apart from the other.
你很难脱离一方而考虑另一方。
(5) aside from意为“除了……;撇开……不说”,接近besides,有时甚至可与apart from换用。
- Aside from his meagre savings, he had no resources to fall back on.
除了他那点微薄的积蓄外,他没有可依赖的财力。 - Aside from this general consideration, I had several objections to the plan.
对于这项计划,除了这种通常的考虑以外,我还有另外几个反对的理由。