Judicial Review
司法审查

Judicial Review is the doctrine under which legislative and/or executive actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A specific court with judicial review power may annul the acts of the state when it finds them incompatible with a higher authority. This doctrine is interpreted differently in different jurisdictions, so the procedure and scope of judicial review may differ from country to country and state to state.
司法审查是司法机关对立法和/或行政机关的审查。一个有司法审查权力的专门法庭可以在政府行为违反更高权威的法律规定时撤销该行为。这一制度在不同法律制度下有不同的含义，所以它的程序和范围在不同的国家和州也有所不同。

Judicial review can be understood in the context of two distinct legal systems, civil law and common law. In the United States, judicial review is considered a key check on the powers of the other two branches of government by the judiciary. Societies based on common law and stressing a separation of power are the most likely to utilize judicial review. Nevertheless, having learned the possible dangers and limitations of entrusting power exclusively to the legislative branch of government, many countries with civil-law systems have adopted a form of judicial review to stem the tyranny of the majority.
司法审查可以在大陆法系和普通法系两种不同的体系中理解。在美国，司法审查就是司法机关对另外两个权力分支的监督。基于普通法和分权的社会大多都会采取司法审查。然而，当很多大陆法系国家意识到政府立法权至上可能带来的危险和限制后，很多国家也都实行司法审查以防大多数人的暴政。

Most modern legal systems allow the courts to review administrative acts and secondary legislation. Some countries do not permit a review of the validity of primary legislation. Generally, civil-law countries like France and Germany have implemented a system of administrative courts while in common-law countries, including the United States and the Netherlands, judicial review is carried out by regular civil courts.
大多数现代法律体系都允许法院对行政行为和一般法律法规进行审查。一些国家不允许对国家的基本法进行复核。通常，大陆法系国家如法国、德国，建立一个行政司法体系来进行司法审查，而普通法系国家，包括美国和荷兰，则由一般的民事法院负责审查。