Alfred Nobel
诺贝尔奖创立者——艾尔弗雷德·诺贝尔

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, and armaments manufacturer. Born in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel, an inventor and engineer. Alfred Nobel inherited an interest in technology from his father and devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerine.
艾尔弗雷德·伯恩哈德·诺贝尔(1833—1896)是瑞典化学家、工程师、发明家和军工装备制造商。诺贝尔出生在斯德哥尔摩，是发明家和工程师伊曼纽尔·诺贝尔的第四个儿子。他继承了父亲对科学技术的热爱，投身于炸药制造领域，主要研究如何安全地生产和使用炸药。

In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful than dynamite. During his life Nobel issued three hundred and fifty patents internationally and by his death had established ninety armaments factories. Nobel, who inclined toward pacifism, had long had reservations about his family's industry, and he developed strong misgivings about the potential uses of his own invention.
1875年，诺贝尔研制出稳定性和爆炸力较硝酸甘油炸药更强的葛里炸药。终其一生，他获得了350项全球专利，建设了90座兵工厂。作为和平主义的支持者，他对于家族产业持保留态度，对自己发明的前景也存有疑虑。

In 1888, a French newspaper which erroneously published Alfred's obituary after the death of Alfred's brother Ludvig, condemned him for his invention of dynamite. Alfred was disappointed and concerned with how he would be remembered.
1888年，诺贝尔的弟弟路德维格去世，一家法国报纸错误地报道成诺贝尔的死讯，强烈谴责他以发明制造炸药为业，牟取暴利。诺贝尔很失落并开始思考自己被世人铭记的方式。

In 1895, Nobel signed his testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish five Nobel Prizes. In his will, Alfred Nobel specified that the bulk of his fortune should be divided into five parts and to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace.
1895年，诺贝尔写下遗嘱，用自己的财富设立诺贝尔奖。诺贝尔在遗嘱中说明将财富分成5份，分别授予物理学、化学、生理学或医学、文学以及和平领域获奖的人。