Isaac Newton
近代物理学之父——艾萨克·牛顿

Isaac Newton (1643-1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, and theologian who is widely recognized as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy , first published in 1687, laid the foundations for classic mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus.
艾萨克·牛顿(1643—1727)，英国物理学家、数学家、天文学家、自然哲学家和神学家，被认为是科学史上最具影响力的人物之一以及科学革命中的核心人物之一。他的专著《自然哲学的数学原理》于1687年首次公开发表，是经典力学的奠基之作。牛顿对光学也做出了杰出的贡献。在数学上，牛顿与戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨共同发展了微积分学。

Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, and then using the same principles to account for the trajectories of comets, the tides, the precession of the equinoxes, and other phenomena, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentric model of the cosmos.
牛顿定律详细阐述了运动定律及万有引力定律，影响了此后三个世纪科学家们对物质世界的观点和看法。通过重力的数学描述所推导出的开普勒行星运动定律以及由此推算出的彗星轨道、潮汐规律、分点岁差和其他现象，牛顿消除了人们对宇宙日心模型正确性的最后疑虑。

Newton also built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of color based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colors of the visible spectrum. He formulated anempirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and introduced the notion of a Newtonian fluid.
牛顿发明了第一架实用的反射式望远镜，并通过观察棱镜将白光分解成许多颜色的可见光谱，进而发展出颜色理论。他还确切地阐述了冷却定律，研究了声速并引入了牛顿流体的概念。