有人问: 在钱歌川著的《英文疑难详解》第608页上有这样一句话:
(1)The horses are useful animals.
并说这里的定冠词加上复数名词亦表一类人 或物。不知你的看法如何?
钱先生所举的例子与所作的说明不错。我们也同意钱先生所说的例(1)中的the horses这种说法“更为精确”,但“较为少见”。所以,一般语法书皆不列入。
据我们所知,像the horses这样的说法多出现在比较专门的科学论著中。如在动物学中,我们会遇到这样的句子:
(2)Enormous numbers of mollusks, representing a great variety of orders and families, rival the echinoderms for supremacy as the dominant tide pool inhabitants.
(3)The neotropical region is characterized by such forms as the armadillos , the sloths , the anteaters , the long-tailed monkeys , the llamas , and many other forms not found anywhere else.
在植物学中,我们也会遇到“the+复形植物名称”的用法,如:
(4)The number of plants which depend upon the transference of pollen by the wind is very great, embracing as it does large families, such as that of the cone-bearing trees , the grasses and the sedges .
(5)The stigmas of wind-pollinated flowers which catch the dust-like pollen are brushlike, as in the hazels ; feathery, as in most grasses; or prolonged and thread-like, as in Indian corn.
(6)Different trees vary in their responses to fertilization...The conifers , especially, do not require rich soils.
从上述例句中,我们可以看出,“the+复形名词”的确可以用以表示一类事物。但为什么它可以这样用呢? 为什么它一般都用在科学论著中呢? 我们认为,还是应该从定冠词本身去找原因。我们知道,定冠词的基本职能是特指: 或在同类中特指一物以区别于他物;或在不同类中特指一类以区别于他类。“the+复形名词”在此的用法实际上与“the+单形名词”的用法并无不同,二者皆根据定冠词的基本职能而表示一类事物,只不过“the+复形名词”含有复数概念(表整体性和差异性)罢了。钱歌川先生(还有别的语法家)之所谓“更为精确”当然是与表泛指的“零冠词+复形名词”比较而言,其实也可以说是“the+复形名词”表特指一类事物的注脚。
照此说来,上述诸例中的复形名词乃是特指一类(区别于其他类)而非泛指一类事物啰?是的,正是如此。科学论著中,如动、植物学,之所以常用这种结构,也正是需要强调特指一类、一门、一属等以区别于其他类、门、属等的原故。如果对上述例(2)、(3)、(4)、(5)的特指一类(有别于其他类)的含义需要从所摘自的全部著作去看的话,例(6)中的the conifers的特指区别于其他树木的含义则在具体的上下文中已是很清楚的了。
经过上述分析,我们就可以把例(1)中的the horses的用法与日常生活中的特指一类(有别于其他类)的“the+复形名词”联系在一起了。现在且让我们举几例来看看我们在日常生活中是怎样运用这种结构的:
(7)Man is weaker than the animals . (the animals用以区别于man,如无此含义而仅泛指一类,则用零冠词,如:What do you know about animals?)
(8)In the eighteenth century, when logic and science were the fashion, women tried to talk like the men . (用the men以区别于women,若无此意,则须用零冠词,如妇女有时说的:Men are like that.)
(9)A toothbrush is a small brush used for cleaning the teeth .
(此处用the teeth以区别于其他身体部分,类似的还有the eyes, the ears, the arms, the feet以及the lungs等。如不强调此意,则应用零冠词,如:A dentist fixes teeth.)
(10)The jeeps are not cheap in China. (用the jeeps以区别于the cars等)
(11)I saw the new film in London; it's not yet being shown in the provinces . (the provinces意谓“地方”,用以区别于the capital London)
(12)The many sounds become so deadened that the change is like putting cotton in the ears . (用the ears的理由与例[9]的the teeth相同)
(13)Translation can at best tell us about poetry and the poets . (the poets用以区别于从事其他工作的人)
由上面所举的几例可以看出,特指一类的“the+复形名词”与泛指一类的“零冠词+复形名词”显然是不尽相同的,有时二者的意义甚至截然不同。试比较下列两句:
(14)English is the easiest of languages.
(15)English is the easiest of the modern languages.
例(14)由于languages用的是零冠词,表示泛指,所以全句并无比较之意,即English is a very easy language.。但例(15)由于modern languages前有定冠词,所以全句有了比较的意思,即Of the modern languages English is the easiest.。
特指一类的“the+复形名词”结构与泛指一类的“零冠词+复形名词”结构还有一点不同,即前者必须真实,后者则可虚构,如可以说:
(16)Hobgoblins are a popular theme in literature. (因为hobgoblins有if they exist的含义。但不可在hobgoblins或单形hobgoblin之前用定冠词,因为用上定冠词即含有“真实存在”之意)
上述两种结构在实际运用中有时是否具有相同意义或者说在意义上几乎无甚区别呢? 是的。
常见的无甚区别的情况似乎有下列几种:
1. 两种结构指一国的人民或民族时,二者意义可以说是相同的,如下面两句:
(17)Germans are industrious.
(18)The Germans are industrious.
2. 可能是由于报纸等大众媒介常用零冠词的原故,在当代英语里,即使特指一类的复形名词有时也用零冠词,如:
(19)When leaves fall and flowers rade, great people are found in their country-seats.
(20)The task before Liberals and Free Traders is to drive home the fact that the Opposition policy is one of food taxes as a preliminary to full-blooded Protection.
顺便提及,在形容词最高级后的of短语中的复形名词虽然特指一类,亦常用零冠词,如:
(21)Riding is the most healthy of exercises .
(22)The greatest of faults is to be conscious of none.
同样,下列一些说法中的复形名词亦用零冠词:
(23)a prince of dreamers
(24)the sin of sins
(25)in his heart of hearts
可能有的读者要问,在
(26)Wolves eat men.
这一句中,men之前为什么不用定冠词the? 它不也区别于wolves特指一类吗? 不,men在此并无区别于wolves的含义。它们并不属于同一大类,故无相互有别的关系。在这一句中,men和wolves一样,都是泛指一类的复形名词,不是特指一类的复形名词。
下面一句中的复形名词men和women表示一种对照关系,并不强调相互有别之意,故亦须用零冠词:
(27)Women are said to have stronger attachments than men.
最后请注意下面一些例句中的复形名词皆非特指一类事物,而是特指部分的事物:
(28)The flowers are out. (≠所有的花或花类)
(29)The birds are singing. (≠鸟类)
(30)The stars are bright. (≠所有的星)
(31)He wants to know about the trains . (指一地或一国的火车行车时间和票价等)
(32)The shops are busy before Christmas. (亦指一地或一国的商店)
