代词what的用法很多。它可以用作疑问代词,引导一个直接疑问句,如:
(1)What do you want?
也可以引导一个间接疑问句,如:
(2)I don't know what you want.
但what有时并不用作疑问代词,而是相当于that which或the things which等,如:
(3)What I want is water. (what=the thing that)
(4)What I want are apples. (what=the things that)
这两句中的what应该唤作什么代词呢? 在这个问题上,语法学家们是有不同看法的。有的认为是关系代词(关于应唤作什么关系代词亦有争论),有的认为是连接代词。我们觉得这两种看法都不够准确。把what唤作关系代词的不妥之处在于它没有先行词,而没有先行词的关系代词是不易被人们接受的。把what只唤作连接代词的不妥之处至少有三点:
1. 连接代词的范围较广,除包括what (=that which)之类的代词外,它还包括引导间接疑问句的疑问词,如上述例(2)中的what。有的语法著作还认为连接代词应包括更多的内容。
2. 如将what (=that which)之类的代词唤作连接代词,那么,其用法与它相似的where (=the place where)之类的副词势必相应地应唤作连接副词,而连接副词则通常皆指可用作连词的副词而言,这样徒增连接副词的内容,无疑是不必要的。
3. 连接代词未指出what(=that which)的缩合性,从而也未指出它所内含一关系代词的特殊性。
我们初步认为,至少从实用语法的观点出发,将what (=that which)之类的代词唤作缩合连接代词(condensed conjunctive pronoun)较好。这样命名至少有下列几点好处:
1. 它指出了这种代词所引导的名词性从句等与主句的连接关系。
2. 它指出了这种代词的缩合性,譬如what是由that which缩合而成的,从而也说明了它内含关系代词的特殊性。
3. 它划定了这种代词的范围,说明它既不同于关系代词,也不同于其他连接代词。
4. 相应地,其用法与这种代词相似的副词亦可唤作缩合连接副词(condensed conjunctive adverb),以区别于一般连接副词。
这种缩合连接代词包括哪些代词呢? 现让我们把这些代词举例说明如下:
what (=the thing/things that)例见上述例(3)、(4),再如:
(5)I admire what he says and what he does.
(what=the things that, 注意这里的两个what从句指两个不同的事物,如指同一事物,第二个what须改作which或that)
(6)What we need is books.
(what=the things that,谓语动词用is或are皆可)
(7)I eat what I like.
(what=that which, 但that which较为正式)
(8)He renounced what are generally called social pleasures.
(为了教学上的方便,我们常把what are generally called唤作插入语,实际上,what在此相当于the things that,引导一宾语从句)
(9)I gave him what help I could.
(what在此用作定语,what help=any help that)
(10)They asked me what I didn't know.
(what在此有歧义:可能是缩合连接代词,即the things that; 也可能是引导间接疑问句的疑问词。应视上下文而定)
who (=the person/persons who),如:
(11)Who breaks pays.
(who=anyone who或he who,但who的这种用法比较古旧,现已少见)
(12)He shows his teeth, as who should say, “Dear me!”
(as who should say是一种固定说法,其义为one might almost say, 在此who=one who)
(13)Tom may marry who (m)he likes.
(who/whom在这里相当于anyone whom,注意从句只能用like, please, choose, want, wish等动词)
(14)You are not who I thought you were.
(who=the person who,常用于表语从句)
that (=one who, the thing/things that): that用作缩合连接代词时只限于一些习语和强调名词的分裂句,如:
(15)Handsome is that handsome does.
(习语,意谓“做得漂亮才是漂亮”,在此that=he who)
(16)It's his strong will that enables him to work tirelessly. (that=that which)
which (=any one that),如:
(17)You can take which you like.
(which=any one that,从句只可用like, choose, please, want, wish等动词)
whatever, whoever, whichever等带有-ever的代词也都是缩合连接代词。这种代词有any的含义,语气亦较强。现将其含义与用法举例说明如下:
whatever (=any thing/things that),如:
(18)I will do whatever I can do. (语气较what强)
whoever (=any person/persons who),如:
(19)Whoever is in top form wins the game when two matched players meet.
whichever (=any one/ones that),如:
(20)You can take whichever you like.
(语气较which强)
这种带-ever的缩合连接代词所引导的从句还可以用作让步状语,有“不论”的含义,如:
(21)I'll stand by you whatever happens. (whatever=no matter what)
(22)The final between the two teams, whatever the result, was splendid. (注意result后省去了it was)
(23)Whoever says so, it's not true. (whoever=no matter who)
(24)Her sister — or her friend — whichever it was — was an uncommonly pretty girl. (whichever=no matter which)
whether在古旧的英语中也本是缩合连接代词,等于which of the two,现已废弃,但仍可用于让步状语从句,等于no matter whether,如:
(25)I shall go, whether you come with me or stay at home.
英语里除了缩合连接代词外,还有一种缩合连接副词。这种连接副词与一般连接副词不同:前者是一种具有缩合性(内含一关系副词 )并在其所引导的名词性从句与主句之间起连接作用的副词,后者则只是一种相当于等立连词的副词。现将一些缩合连接副词的缩合性及其用法举例说明如下:
when (=the time when),如:
(26)You don't know when you are lucky.
where (=the place where),如:
(27)That's where Lu Xun once lived.
why (=the reason why),如:
(28)That's why I didn't come to class.
带有-ever的缩合连接副词常用以引导状语从句,含有“任何”或“无论”等意义。它们是:
whenever,如:
(29)Come and see me whenever you want to. (whenever=at any time that)
(30)I go to see him whenever I have a chance. (whenever=at every time that)
wherever,如:
(31)Sit wherever you like. (wherever=at any place where)
(32)Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. (wherever=no matter where)
however, 如:
(33)The painting still looks wrong however you look at it. (however=no matter how)
总之,我们倾向于在所谓连接代词和连接副词之前加上“缩合”二字。这样不仅表现了它的连接代(副)词的性质,同时也表现了它所内含的关系代(副)词的性质。所谓“缩合”, 基本上即是先行词与关系代(副)词的缩合。“缩合”(condensed)一词并非笔者所杜撰,早已为一些语法学家们所用。笔者只不过在此提出“缩合连接代(副)词”供读者参考而已。
