有的读者来信问到 all 与 whole 作为形容词到底有哪些不同。
这个问题比较复杂,往往牵涉到英语的习惯用法,这里只能简略地谈一谈。all 与 whole 用作定语时,既可用于可数名词,亦可用于不可数名词;既可用于单形名词,亦可用于复形名词。就让我们照此分类分别讨论如下:
先谈 all 和 whole 这两个词用于单形可数名词的情况。总的说来,在单形可数名词之前多用 whole,如:
(1)He ate the whole chicken. (whole 须置于 the 之后)
(2)The whole building was burning.
(3)Tell me the whole thing frankly.
(4)The whole army will be mobilized.
(5)The whole idea is false.
(6)Are you telling the whole truth?
但在表时间时,诸如 day, week, month, year 以及表季节的 spring, summer, autumn, winter 等词之前,则既可用 whole,亦常用 all,如:
(7)I waited all (the)week for him to answer.
(亦可说 the whole week。 注意 all 须置于 the 之前)
(8)We were there the whole day. (亦可说all[the]day)
那么,二者有无区别呢?我们认为在意义上,它们一般没有什么不同,只是 the whole 的语气要比 all the 顺一些。另外,在表时间的 hour 与 century 之前,则不可用 all the,只可用 the whole,如:
(9)I waited for her the whole hour.(亦可说 a whole hour)
但有时 the whole 指“某一”,all 则指“当日”等,试比较:
(10)I spent the whole morning studying English. (the whole morning指某一天整个上午)
I spent all (the)morning studying English.(all [the] morning 指当日整个上午)
除表时间的单形可数名词外,还有其他一些可数名词之前亦可用 all 或 whole,如:
(11)all the family
the whole family
(12)the whole story (似更为常见)
all the story
(13)all the way
the whole way
下面一对句子亦可用 all 或 whole:
(14)The monkey ate all the banana. (一般不说all the banana,但如重读all 则可)
The monkey ate the whole banana.(这是正常的说法)
下面一对句子虽然也可用 all 或 whole,但其结构不同:
(15)The whole city was busy killing mosquitoes.
(单数可数名词之前多用 whole)
All the inhabitants of the city were busy killing mosquitoes. (这里不可用 all the city,故用all the inhabitants of the city)
在复形可数名词之前,一般多用 all,如:
(16)Someday all cars won't make noise.
(17)All the children are orphans.
但在“数字+时间词”之前既可用 all (the),亦可用 the whole,如:
(18)I stayed there all four days.
(亦可说 the whole four days。 注意 all 须置于 four 之前)
在其他情况下,复形可数名词之前有时亦可用 whole,但其意义与 all 不同,试比较下面两句中的 all 与 whole:
(19)All forests in North Africa were destroyed during Roman times.
(all 意谓“全部”或“所有的”)
(20)Whole forests in North Africa were destroyed during Roman times.
(whole 意谓“整个整个的”或“整片整片的”)
现在谈 all 和 whole 用于不可数名词的情况。先说这两个词用于单形不可数名词的用法。
总的说来,在单形不可数名词之前多用 all,尤其在物质名词之前,如:
(21)All the money you gave him has been spent.
(不可说 the whole money)
(22)Not all food is good to eat. (不可说 the whole food)
有些物质名词之前亦可用 whole,但其意义有所不同,如 whole barley (不去麸的大麦粉)、whole flour (去麸的纯面粉)、whole milk (全脂奶)等。
有不少不可数的抽象名词之前则既可用 all,亦可用 whole:如:
(23)all my life (all 须置于物主代词 my 之前)
my whole life (whole 须置于 my 之后)
(24)all his business
his whole business
(25)all the time
the whole time
(26)all his energy
his whole energy
(27)all his attention
his whole attention
(28)all this confusion (all须置于指示代词this之前)
this whole confusion ( whole 须置于 this之后)
但请注意 all 后的抽象名词往往用于泛指, whole 后的抽象名词则用于特指,试比较:
(29)All hope was lost. (hope 在此泛指“希望”)
Our whole hope rested in this. (hope 在此特指某一特定的“希望”)
在专有地名之前,一般皆用 all,如:
(30)All London knew it.
(31)He is reputed to be the wealthiest man in all America.
但偶尔也有用 whole 的,如:
(32)It will focus the attention of the whole U.S.on this deal.
但在月份等之前既可用 all, 亦可用 whole,如:
(33)all July
the whole July
复形不可数名词有时也可以用 all,如:
(34)All their earnings were insufficient for their needs.
但当复形不可数名词相当于单形不可数名词时,则亦可用 whole,如:
(35)He devoted all his energies to the task.
(这里的 energies 与 energy 实际上无甚区别。故 all his energies 可换作 his whole energies)
最后,让我们也提一下 all of 和 the whole of 的用法。 all of 的用法和含义与 all 大致相同,但它较口语化,尤多用于美国英语。它的使用范围要大于 all,如一般不说 all the book, all the banana, 但可说 all of the book, all of the banana。不过,在时间词 day, week 等之前却很少用 all of,复数名词之前如无定冠词 the,亦不可用 all of,如可说 all children, all the children, all of the children,但不可说 all of children。
the whole of 与形容词 whole 的意义相同,但其使用范围比 whole 大得多。它不但可代替 whole, 如the whole of the book, the whole of the building, the whole of the story, the whole of a year 等,而且可用于不可使用形容词 whole 的结构,如 the whole of the money, the whole of the tea, the whole of the prisoners, the whole of July 等。专有地名之前亦可用 the whole of,如 the whole of Europe, the whole of China,但它有时与“all+专有地名”的含义有所不同,如:
(36)all China 全中国(指各地区或全国人民)
the whole of China 整个中国(指全国领土)
关于 all 与 whole 的区别,就谈这么多吧。
