有一读者问: 在表将来的从句中,其谓语动词有时用现在一般时,有时则用将来一般时,请问这是怎么一回事?
在未回答你的问题之前,请先看下面一些表将来的各种从句的谓语动词用现在一般时的例句:
最常用现在一般时表将来的从句是一些状语从句,如:
(1)I'll call you when breakfast is ready. (现在一般时is用在when引导的时间状语从句中)
(2)Let me talk to you before you go . (现在一般时go用在before引导时间状语从句中)
(3)He'll go to college after he finishes his middle school course. (现在一般时finishes用在after引导的时间状语从句中)
(4)I'll write to you as soon as I arrive home. (现在一般时arrive用在as soon as引导的时间状语从句中)
(5)I'll tell him the minute he gets here. (现在一般时gets用在短语连词the minute引导的时间状语从句中)
(6)I'll go where you go . (现在一般时go用在where引导的地点状语从句中)
(7)If it rains tomorrow, we shall put off the match. (现在一般时rains用在if引导的条件状语从句中)
(8)Unless you overcome that habit, you'll be ruined. (现在一般时overcome用在unless引导的条件状语从句中)
(9)I'll have a good time whether I win or lose . (现在一般时win和lose用在whether引导的让步状语从句中)
(10)Next time I'll do as he says . (现在一般时says用在as引导的方式状语从句中)
(11)The sooner you go , the sooner you'll be back. (现在一般时go用在the sooner引导的比较状语从句中)
(12)We'll probably drive faster than you do , so we'll get there first and buy the tickets. (现在一般时do用在than引导的比较状语从句中)
表将来的现在一般时也可以用在定语从句中,如:
(13)No fear that any word of anything you tell me is going to reach another ear. (现在一般时tell用在定语从句中)
(14)These beautiful songs will help to make the hearts of all who read them more tender and true. (现在一般时read用在定语从句中)
有时表将来的现在一般时也可以用在表语从句中,如:
(15)If you ever hear of me again, it will be because my name's in the newspapers. (现在一般时is用在表语从句中)
(16)The next appointments will be when the doctor returns from vacation. (现在一般时returns用在表语从句中)
表将来的现在一般时也常用在宾语从句中,如:
(17)Tomorrow at this time we'll know who is elected. (现在一般时is elected用在宾语从句中)
(18)China and the Netherlands will meet tomorrow to decide which team qualifies for the Summer Olympics. (现在一般时qualifies用在宾语从句中)
表将来的现在一般时偶尔也可用在主语从句中,如:
(19)What changes we make in our plans will be announced later. (现在一般时make用在what引导的主语从句中)
综上所述,除某些特殊情况外,可以看出,从句中的现在一般时与主句中的谓语动词皆有密切的相互关系,更确切地说,前者是依存于后者的。且以例(1)为例,when从句中的现在一般时is显然与主句中的will call有密切的关系,或者说,is在时间上依存于will call,二者几乎是同时发生的。如将is改作will be,不但变得毫无意义,而且其所表示的时间就会是在will call之后了。再如例(17),如将is elected改为will be elected,其发生的时间就不会与will know同时,而亦会在其后,从而其意义也有所不同。
反过来说,如果表将来的从句中的谓语动词与主句中的谓语动词的关系并不密切,前者并不依存于后者,那么,从句中的谓语动词即应用将来一般时。现举例说明如下:
1. 用于状语从句:
(20)I shall take it because I shall want it. (将来一般时shall want用在原因状语从句中)
(21)He is so badly injured that he will probably die . (将来一般时will die用在结果状语从句中)
(22)And now, you will remember these experiences to the extent that they will not trouble you. (将来一般时will not trouble用在程度状语从句中)
(23)She dresses like that so that everyone will notice her. (将来一般时will notice用在目的状语从句中)
(24)We are going to look for him no matter how hard it will be . (将来一般时will be用在让步状语从句中)
(25)She looks as if she will be like you when she grows up. (将来一般时will be用在方式状语从句中)
2. 用于定语从句,如:
(26)A few feet farther on, you'll reach an open spot where you will be without cover. (将来一般时will be用在定语从句中)
(27)Associate with such as will improve your manners. (将来一般时will improve用在定语从句中)
(28)Something will happen here that will bring us shame to our last days. (将来一般时will bring用在定语从句中)
(29)He has fixed a price on his house than which less will not be accepted . (将来一般时will not be accepted用在定语从句中)
3. 用于名词性从句,这是比较普遍的,如:
(30)That we shall be late is certain. (将来一般时shall be用在主语从句当中)
(31)It has often been asked whether he will come himself. (将来一般时will come用在主语从句中)
(32)The first requirement of a play is that it will act . (将来一般时will act用在表语从句中)
(33)The odds are he will refuse . (将来一般时will refuse用在表语从句中)
(34)Please tell him I shall meet him at the club at twelve noon. (将来一般时shall meet用在宾语从句中)
(35)I doubt if he will last the year out. (将来一般时will last用在宾语从句中)
但请注意下列一些特殊情况:
1. 下面一些句子中的表将来的从句可用或须用现在一般时:
(36)I hope you have a pleasant stay in China. (这里的现在一般时have用在hope后的宾语从句中表示较近的将来,但没有将来一般时那样正式)
(37)See that you don't hurt your fingers. (在这种句型中,宾语从句应用现在一般时)
(38)The employees have demanded that the manager resigns . (按照一般规则,这里的宾语从句应用虚拟时态resign或should resign,但在当代英语中,尤其在英国,亦可用直接语气resigns)
(39)I have been waiting for the day you come . (按说这里的定语从句应用将来一般时,但由于人们往往误将the day看作短语连词,所以也常用现在一般时come)
2. 下面一些句子中的表将来的从句也可用或须用将来一般时:
(40)I will come if it will suit you. (这里的if从句之所以用将来一般时will suit是由于这个条件从句中省去了另一条件从句if I come tomorrow,省去的原因显然在于它与主语重复了)
(41)When strength shall fail , I will cease. (这里的when从句中的shall fail是古旧的虚拟时式,现多用fails)
(42)It will be long before he will come back. (将来一般时will come用于before从句是表示说话人的一种主观态度,强调时间之长)
(43)They are to be held until an investigating officer will come . (将来一般时will come用在until从句中也是强调说话人的一种主观判断)
3. 下面一些句子中的从句既可用现在一般时,亦可用将来一般时,似乎区别不大:
(44)She'll be on the same plane as I am (will be ).
(45)We'll probably drive faster than you do (will ).
(46)Let's see who gets (will get )there first.
