这个句子为何不用被动语态?

有一读者问:

(1)This box doesn't lock.

此句为何不用被动语态?

句中的doesn't lock具有主动语态的形式,但却有被动的意义,所以有的语法学家管它叫做“假主动语态”。英语里只有少数一些不及物动词可以这样用,常见的有act, blow, clean, cook, divide, lock, open, read, sell, shut, teach, wash, wear, write等。这种动词常与否定词not和副词well等连用,其主语多指物。再如:

(2)The window won't open.

(3)The door won't shut.

(4)The pen writes well.

(5)The poem reads smoothly.

(6)The dress doesn't wash well.

假主动语态与被动语态不尽相同。二者虽皆有被动意义,但假主动语态强调其与主语的内在联系,其动作是说明主语本身的性质的,不强调动作的执行者,而被动语态则强调外在的动作执行者。试比较:

(7)The door doesn't lock.

(8)The door was not locked.

例(7)意谓“门锁不上”,例(8)如不是主系表结构的话,则意谓“门没有锁上”。