不定式在此指什么时间?

有一读者问: 动词不定式用作定语时常指将来的动作,如:

(1)I have a lot of work to do.

动词不定式在此自表将来。但我遇到这样一句:

(2)She had too much to drink.

这里的had too much to drink似乎是“酒喝多了”的意思,请问如何解释这里的to drink所表的时间呢?

是的,动词不定式的一般式(非完成式)不论用作定语或别的什么句子成分,确是常指将来。但指其他时间的用法也不罕见。就拿用作定语的不定式来说,下面常见的:

(3)Hey! Have you got something to eat ?

这一句中用作定语的不定式to eat就不能说是指将来。换言之,something决不可译作“将要吃东西”,而应译作“食物”或“吃的东西”。

例(2)是一句常见的话,它的意思确是“她酒喝得太多了”。对too much to drink也应像理解例(3)中的something to eat一样,将它译作“太多的酒”,不要将它译作“将要喝的酒”,否则全句的意思岂不变为“她有太多的酒要喝”了吗? 如前所述,这种不表将来时间的动词不定式并不罕见。下面再举一些比较常见的用作定语的不定式,供参考:

(4)She was a brick to take it that way. (to take表已发生的动作;brick在此意谓“心肠好的人”)

(5)He has a right to decide . (to decide表经常发生的动作)

(6)She is not the kind of girl to do such a thing. (to do=who might)

(7)Clive was not a man to do anything by halves. (to do=who did)

(8)“I have learned a lot from Dutch soccer,” said Xie Yuxin, the first Chinese player to sign with a foreign club. (to sign=who has signed)

(9)Brazil finished the first round as the only team in the competition not to concede a goal. (not to concede a goal意谓“未曾输一球”,表过去的过去)

(10)The English based Dane is confident he can succeed the retired Han Jian and capture the only major title to elude him.(to elude him意谓“总是使他无法赢得的”,不定式表过去经常)