有些读者提出有关动词不定式被动式的用法问题。有人直截了当地问道:动词不定式何时用被动式?
这个问题比较复杂,涉及面也较广。限于篇幅,我们只能简要地谈一些常见情况。 不定式的被动式,和它的主动式一样,也可以用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语和主语补足语等。现让我们分别举例说明如下:
1. 用作主语,如:
(1)To be attacked by the enemy is not a bad thing, but a good thing. (这里必须用被动式 to be attacked, 因为其未写出的逻辑主语是 attack 的受事者)
(2)It's a great honour to be invited to the banquet. (必须用被动式 to be invited, 因为其未写出的逻辑主语是 invite 的受事者)
2. 用作宾语,如:
(3)I wish to be excused . (这里必须用 to be excused, 因为I是excuse的受事者)
(4)It needs not to be said that they are very happy together. (这里也必须用被动式 to be said, 因为 that 从句是 say 的受事者)
3. 用作表语:动词不定式的主动式与被动式皆可用作表语。请看下面一些句子中的被动式,并请注意一些被动式所表的情态。
(5)The meeting is to be held tomorrow afternoon. (这里显然应用被动式)
(6)The form is to be filled in ink.(有“必须”的含义)
(7)We are to be married soon.(表示安排)
(8)He is not to be drawn so easily. (意味着不可能)
(9)He is to be dealt with by the law. (表应该)
(10)It is not to be wondered at . (意味着不值得)
(11)Such things are to be seen any day. (习惯用法)
(12)Sure you know what is to be done .(与 what 连用)
4. 用作定语:动词不定式用作定语时,可以是主动式,也可以是被动式,情况比较复杂一些。何时常用被动式,请细看下列例句及说明:
(13)It leaves much to be desired . (句中只有受事者,故显然必须用被动式)
(14)It was a much-to-be-longed-for place. (理由同前)
(15)Scrooge was not a man to be frightened by echoes. (句中虽有主语 Scrooge,但它不可能是 frighten 的施事者,故仍须用被动式 to be frightened)
(16)This is a matter not to be taken lightly.(与 not 连用时常用被动式)
(17)This is a day never to be forgotten . (与 never 连用时常用被动式)
(18)Labour is still a factor to be reckoned with in American politics. (to be reckoned with 是习惯用法,需要牢记,其他还有 to be trifled with 等)
(19)There is no time to be lost . (亦可用主动式 to lose,意义上无甚区别。 口语多用主动式)
(20)There's a lot of work to be done . (着眼于受事者。如用主动式 to do 则着眼于执行者)
(21)There's nothing to be done . (意谓“无事可做了”,即没有办法了。如用主动式 to do 则意谓“无事可做”,有无聊之意)
(22)There was no sound to be heard . (习惯上须用被动式)
5. 用作状语:动词不定式用作状语时也可以是主动式或被动式,其所修饰的对象为动词、形容词、副词等。何时常用被动式,请看下面的例句和说明。
(23)I had to shout to be heard . (句中只有受事者,故显然须用不定式被动式 to be heard,修饰动词 shout)
(24)The handwriting is very difficult to be read . (这种结构中的形容词之后常用不定式主动式,因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了 for one 或 for people. 但如强调句中受事者,亦可用不定式被动式。例中被动式 to be read 修饰形容词 difficult)
(25)The infectious disease is likely to be wiped out in a few years.(像 likely 这样的形容词多后接不定式被动式,强调句中的受事者。例中被动式 to be wiped out 修饰形容词 likely)
(26)This box is too heavy to be lifted . (在这种结构中亦多用不定式主动式,但也有例外。例中被动式 to be lifted 修饰副词 too)
(27)Jack is not easily to be knocked off his feet.(在这种特殊结构中必须用不定式被动式)
(28)It is a calamity hard to be borne . (被动式 to be borne 与主动式 to bear 皆可用,其意义无区别)
(29)I am ready to be shaved . (可用被动式 to be shaved,亦可用主动式 to shave,但二者含义不同:前者意谓刮脸者是别人,后者意谓刮脸者是本人)
6. 用作宾语补足语,如:
(30)The captain ordered the flag to be hoisted . (不定式被动式 to be hoisted 在此用作宾语补足语,其受事者是宾语 flag)
(31)He did not like his intention to be laughed at . (不定式被动式 to be laughed at 在此用作宾语补足语,句中宾语 intention 是受事者)
7. 用作主语补足语,如:
(32)The flag was ordered to be hoisted . (不定式被动式 to be hoisted 是 主语补足语,主语 flag 是受事者)
(33)The wreckage was left to be cleared up by us. (由于有 by us 短语, 因而主语补足语用被动式的理由更加明显)
(34)That remains to be seen . (remains 在此是实义动词,故被动式 to be seen 是主语补足语)
8. 动词不定式的被动式,和主动式一样,也可以用作“for+名(代)词+动词不定式”这一复合结构中的逻辑谓语,如:
(35)We were waiting for the door to be opened . (被动式 to be opened 是 door 的逻辑谓语;句中只有受事者,无施事者,故用被动式)
(36)He was anxious for the performance to be repeated . (to be repeated 是 performance 的逻辑谓语,用被动式的理由同前)
从上述举例说明中,不难看出下面几点:
1.如句中没有受事者,不定式则可根据其被动意义用被动式;
2.如句中只有受事者,没有也不可能有施事者,不定式应用被动式;
3.如句中既有受事者,又有施事者(包括被省去的施事者在内),这时,如着眼于受事者 ,则可用不定式的被动式;
4.有些情况习惯上要用不定式被动式,需要牢记;
5.有时既可用主动式亦可用被动式。这时二者的意义有时有区别,有时没有什么区别。
关于动词不定式被动式的一般用法,就谈这么多吧。
