有一些读者来信问到一些关于过去分词的问题,现让我们逐个讨论如下:
第一个问题是:在报纸上看见一句话,说某某人是 a screenwriter turned director。有人说过去分词 turned 不是来自及物动词,而是来自不及物动词,就像 a faded flower 中的 faded 一样,这样看对吗?英语里是不是有很多这样来自不及物动词的过去分词?
问中所引的 a screenwriter turned director等于 a screenwriter who has turned director,所以这里的过去分词 turned 的确是由不及物动词 turn 变来的。在语法中,我们管这种过去分词叫做不及物过去分词或主动过去分词,以区别于及物过去分词或被动过去分词 。这一类过去分词虽然为数不多(远不如及物过去分词多),但却值得国内学生注意。现再举一些例句如下(句中划线的词即是不及物过去分词):
(1)There's a girl fainted .
(2)He is mistaken .
(3)He sat down, eyebrows risen .
(4)You must be a goddess come down to the earth.
(5)She had to go to see a former patient become a friend.
(6)The fields were grown parched and yellow.
(7)Be gone !
(8)He's the most widely travelled Pope in history.
(9)There's a lion escaped from the zoo.
其他常见的不及物过去分词还有 assembled (集合在一起的), departed (逝去的), expired (到期的), fallen (落下的、阵亡的), gathered (聚集的), huddled (蜷成一团的), retired (退休的), returned (归来的), settled (已定居的), vanished (已消失的), withered (枯萎的), run-away (逃跑了的), well-behaved (行为好的)等。
第二个问题是:我们的老师说过去分词用作形容词时,前面只可用 much 而不可用 very 来修饰。但我却见过
(10)She's very worried.
这样的句子,到底是怎么回事,请回答。
相当于形容词的过去分词之前不可用 very 来修饰,这话可能是针对初学者而说的,怕他的学生乱用 very。事实上,确有许多相当于形容词的过去分词是不可以用 very 来修饰的,因为它们还不能说等于形容词。 但这是问题的一方面。另一方面,在当代英语里,确也有一些相当于形容词的过去分词可以与 very 连用。不但已完全等于形容词的过去分词如此,尚未完全等于形容词的过去分词亦如此。前者如 advanced, conceited, contented, disappointed, distinguished, excited, frightened, interested, learned, limited, pleased, pronounced, reserved, surp rised, tired 等;后者如 alarmed, amazed, amused, balanced, bored, disturbed, divided, embarrassed, exhausted, fascinated, hurt, lined, puzzled, relaxed, satisfied, shocked, specialized, worried 等。有些过去分词既可与 very 连用,亦可与 much 连用,如下面两例中的 pleased:
(11)I'm very pleased to meet you.
(12)He seems to be much pleased with himself.
一般说来,与 much 连用的过去分词的动词性质较强,与 very 连用的过去分词则可以说已相当于一个形容词了。
第三个问题是:我在 The Jungle 一书中读到这样一句话:
(13)The young fellow had an amused contempt for Jurgis...
请问如何理解 an amused contempt?形容词 amused 怎能用来修饰名词 contempt呢?
这个问题可能有一定的普遍性。句中过去分词 amused 和 a chaste nose 的 chaste (见本书中题为《几个有关形容词的问题》一文)一样,都是将修饰人的词转移到了表其他事物的名词之上了。这种过去分词也叫做转移形容语(transferred epithets)。这种形容语在形式上虽然不直接修饰人,但实际上还是指有关的人而言的。如问题中的 amused,形式上虽然修饰名词 contempt,实际上乃是指 the young fellow 而言。全句的意思是:那个小家伙对尤吉斯有一种藐视而又觉好笑的感觉。这是一种常见的手段,现再举例如下:
(14)He interrupted his annoyed stridings to look up hopefully when his aide entered.
(15)The general stared at him in startled admiration.
(16)The boy looked up with a pleased expression.
(17)“He is dead,” said John Smith, with excited brevity.
(18)At such an episode he burst into loud, surprised laughter.
(19)He gave an inspired talk on music.
上述例句中,过去分词皆有表出的逻辑主语(即其所指的有关的人)。但有时这种用作转移形容语的过去分词在句中并没有表出的逻辑主语,这时就需要读者根据上下文或习惯用法去理解其意义,如:
(20)Seeing her crushed submission, his anger abated. (过去分词 crushed 的逻辑主语显然是 she)
(21)A considered opinion is one that has been weighed and mulled over. (过去分词 considered 在句中已得到解释)
(22)A spirit of excited optimism throbbed through every street. (excited 的逻辑主语应能从上下文中看出)
(23)Once the garrisons opened fire there was much halting, panicking, running away, and stalled confusion. (可从上下文获得过去分词 stalled 的含义。 stalled confusion 显然意谓:因受阻而引起的混乱)
(24)The real issue seemed to be the threatened consequences if they didn't talk about Iran. (这是过去分词 threatened 的一种习惯用法,意谓“用之以威胁的”,即具有威胁性的意思)
这种属于习惯用法的过去分词还有不少,再如 a decided step, a determined effort, a foregone conclusion, a troubled place, an inspired moment, guarded optimism, the blessed rain, the appointed meeting place 等皆属于这一类。
第四个问题是:在许国璋编写的《英语》第二册中,有一课文的题目是 The Devoted Friend。请问 devoted 是及物过去分词还是不及物过去分词?为什么一般都把它译为“忠实的” 呢?
这里的 devoted 是及物过去分词,但它所修饰的名词 friend 并不是它的受事者,而是它的执行者,整个题目的意思是: the friend who has devoted his life to somebody, 可直译为“献身于某人的朋友”,“忠实的朋友”是一种意译。类似的情况还有 a convinced socialist (一位坚信不疑的社会主义者),a practised man (一个技艺熟练的人), his threatened foe (对他有威胁性的敌人),a drunken man (一个醉汉)等。
第五个问题是:请问同一个过去分词放在名词之前与放在名词之后有什么区别?比如:
(25)He wants his eggs fried .
可以把这一句中的过去分词 fried 移至名词 eggs 之前吗?
一般说来,二者是有区别的。置于名词之前的过去分词往往相当于形容词,带有永久性;置于名词之后的过去分词往往带有暂时性,动词的性质较强。比如例(25), fried 置于 eggs 之后,即有较强的动词性质,在此起逻辑谓语的作用。如将 fried 置于 eggs 之前,则只有相当于形容词的定语作用。再如:
(26)On the street all was confusion. Policemen with swords unsheathed could be seen riding on horseback.
句中的过去分词 unsheathed 置于名词 swords 之后,显然表一种暂时情况。如将 unsheathed置于swords 之前,那就表示骑警们的挂刀总是处于出鞘的状态了。再请比较下面两句中的过去分词 written:
(27)He himself took all the letters written to the post.
(28)He sent a written circular, not a printed one.
例(27)中的 written 显然有时间性,意谓 which he had written;例(28)中的 written 则没有时间性了。
第六个问题是:我知道过去分词所表的动作应是已完成的,但在下一句中:
(29)The workers demand increased wages.
过去分词 increased 所表的动作并未完成,应如何解释呢?
一般说来,过去分词皆应表已完成的动作或状态,但有时亦可表尚未完成或有待未来完成的动作。例(29)中的过去分词即表尚未完成的动作。有一位语法家曾举过这样一个例子:
(30)So the two brothers and their murdered man rode past fair Florence.
他接着解释道,句中的 murdered 所表的并不是一个已完成的动作,而是一个即将去完成的动作。再看下面一句:
(31)Improved management and elimination of waste and corruption are equally important.
这里的过去分词 improved 所表的动作亦未完成。
第七个问题是:请问如何分析下列句中的分词短语:
(32)Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.
(33)Mocked at by everybody, he had my sympathy.
(34)I told them that he was my relative from Shandong, come to Beijing for a visit.
(35)Titled “Cherishing the Memory of Zhou Enlai”, the collection reflects the late premier's revolutionary activities between 1913 and 1976.
(36)Given better attention, the cabbages could grow even faster.
例(32)中过去分词短语 seen in this light 是条件状语;例(33)中的分词短语 mocked at by everybody 是让步状语;例(34)中的分词短语 come to Beijing for a visit 是主语he的补足语(或非限制性定语),例(35)中的分词短语 titled “Cherishing the Memory of Zhou Enlai”也是主语补足语。例(36)中的 given better attention,严格说来,并不是分词短语,而是表条件的独立分词结构,只不过其词序倒装了而已。
最后一个问题是:过去分词用作名词时有单、复数之分吗?有可数不可数之分吗?
过去分词,和形容词一样,也可以用作名词。我们可以把它唤作名词化的过去分词。这种过去分词不但有单数形式,也有复数形式,不但有的不可数,有的还可数。请看下列各例:
(37)She said that she was afraid of the unknown .(单形过去分词 unknown不可数)
(38)He was an outcast .(单形过去分词 outcast 可数)
(39)The dispossessed are demanding their rights.(单形过去分词 dispossessed 不可数,但有复数概念)
(40)Let bygones be bygones . (复形过去分词 bygones 不可数)
(41)He gave a series of broadcasts .(复形过去分词 broadcasts 可数)
