在这里,我们愿谈谈几个有关副词的问题。
首先是有关副词后缀-ly的问题。比如complete 与 true 这两个形容词都以 -e 结尾,但为什么它们的副词形式却一个是completely, 一个是truly 呢? 在什么情况下可以省去形容词末尾的 -e, 在什么情况下则不可以省去呢? 有的读者还希望把形容词加-ly的副词构成法全面地谈一谈。
在多数情况下,在形容词的末尾加上-ly即变为副词,如badly, cooly, dearly, exactly, firmly, generally, honestly 等。但下列一些情况比较特殊,需要予以注意:
1. 形容词如以“辅音+y”(读作/I/)结尾,变为副词时,须将y变作i,再加 -ly,如easily, heavily, angrily, happily等。但形容词shy 和sly 的副词形式常作shyly 和 slyly。而形容词gay 却有两种意义相同的副词形式:gaily 与 gayly。
2. 形容词如以-ll 结尾,变为副词时,则只加-y,如 chilly, dully, fully, illy,shrilly, stilly 等。
3. 形容词如以“辅音+le” (如-ble, -dle, -gle, -ple, -tle等)结尾,变作副词时,须省去 -le, 再加 -ly, 如 ably, idly, singly, simply, subtly 等。但形容词 supple 虽然以-ple 结尾,但其副词形式却不是supply, 而是supplely, 这显然是由于supply (意谓“供应”)已是另一个词,因而应避免与之混淆的缘故。另外,还应注意,以“元音+le” 结尾的形容词变为副词时则不可省去 -le,如palely, solely, vilely, stalely 等。
但形容词whole 有点特殊,它变为副词时,须省去-e,再加 -ly,成为wholly。
4. 形容词如以-ue结尾,变为副词时,须将 -e省去,再加 -ly。这就是为什么true变为副词时须变作truly 的缘故。除truly 之外,还有duly。
5. 形容词如以-ic 结尾,变为副词时,须加 -ally,如heroically, rustically, tragically, phonetically 等。但形容词 public的副词形式则属例外,须拼作publicly。
从以上可以看出,以-e 结尾的形容词,除上面所指出的可以省去的情况外,变为副词时则一概不可省去末尾的-e,这就是为什么形容词 complete 的副词形式须是completely 的缘故。这种以-e结尾变为副词时不可省去-e 的形容词还有不少,如definite, fortunate, wise, wide, loose, lone 等。
顺便提及,并不是所有的形容词加上后缀 -ly 皆可变作副词。如常见的big, fit, naive, future, content, difficult 等形容词一般就都不用以 -ly 结尾的副词形式。另外以a-开头的形容词如 awake, alive, asleep 等以及表示颜色的blue, green, yellow 等形容词 (但red 和 white 除外)也一般不用以-ly 结尾的副词形式。
谈到这里,我们倒想提一个问题: 是不是只有形容词加-ly才能变成副词呢? 答案是否定的。事实上,除形容词外,有一些其他词语加上-ly 也可变作副词,如yearly(名词 year+ly,此词亦可以用作形容词),firstly (序数词first +ly),mostly (不定代词 most +ly), accordingly (现在分词according +ly), determinedly (过去分词determined +ly), overly (介词over +ly),matter-of-factly (短语matter of fact +ly )等。
有读者问到有些副词,如slow和slowly, 有两种形式,它们之间到底有什么不同。
这个问题有一定的普遍性,但也有一定的复杂性。具有两种不同形式的副词为数不少,有人粗略统计为数近九十之多。最常见的有awful(ly), bad(ly), cheap(ly), clean(ly), clear(ly), close(ly), deep(ly), direct(ly), easy(easily), fair(ly), fine(ly), flat(ly), free(ly), hard(ly), high(ly), late(ly), loud(ly), low(ly), most(ly), near(ly), pretty(prettily), quick(ly), ready(readily), real(ly), right(ly), sharp(ly), short(ly), slow(ly), soft(ly), sound(ly), sure(ly), tight(ly),wide(ly), wrong(ly)等。关于二者的异同,最好仔细查阅好的词典或词书。这里我们只能概括地分类介绍如下:
1. 二者意义相同,只是简单副词多用于口语中,位置也比较固定(多置于其所修饰的动词之后),而派生副词则多用于笔语中(有的派生副词多用作引申),其位置则比较灵活。试比较:
(1)Please go slow . (slow 一般应置于动词之后,但在how引导的感叹句中,则须置于动词之前,如How slow the time passes! 此类副词皆同此)
(2)He slowly realized his mistake.(除与 go, drive 乃至walk 等动词连用时常用slow 之外,其他动词则多用 slowly,如 They are moving slowly。与抽象的动词如realize 连用时,更须用slowly。请注意slowly的位置比较灵活)
(3)Tell us quick . (quick 也多用于口语,亦可用quickly)
(4)She works quickly and accurately.(quickly 较 quick更为常用,在此须用 quickly, 以便与accurately谐合)
(5)Now, sing loud !
(6)They shouted loudly at each other. (loudly 往往有“令人不快的噪声”的含义 )
2. 二者意义虽然相同,但其用法往往不大一样。有些不带 -ly的副词只可用在其所修饰的动词之后(这与slow一类的副词相似),但带有-ly 的副词一般多置于动词 (尤其是过去分词)之前,如:
(7)All went right .(这里不可改用rightly。又,right可修饰副词,如I went right away)
(8)He rightly guessed that I was safe. (rightly 多置于动词或过去分词之前,但有时亦可置于动词之后,如说You guessed right[ly] 皆可)
副词wrong 和wrongly 的区别与right 和 rightly 的区别一样,如:
(9)What did I do wrong ?
(10)The parcel is wrongly tied. (但既可说You guessed wrong, 亦可说 You guessed wrongly。wrongly亦可置于动词[包括过去分词]之后)
有些不带-ly的副词只用于某些固定说法之中,其位置也较固定,而带有-ly的副词则用得比较灵活,如:
(11)He is sound asleep. (sound asleep 是一固定词组)
(12)He is sleeping soundly . (美国人也用 sleep sound)
(13)The door is wide open. (wide open 是一个固定词组,此外还有wide awake等)
(14)The villages are widely separated.(widely separated 不是固定词组)
有的副词,其两种形式意义相同,但其不带-ly的形式多表具体的高度、深度等,而带-ly的副词则多表抽象的高度、深度等。如:
(15)They held their heads high .(high 表具体的高度,但有时亦可引申作 aim high)
(16)They spoke highly of his work.(highly 常表抽象的高度)
(17)He went deep into the wood.(deep 表具体深度,但有时亦可用作引申,如He went deep into the matter )
(18)I enjoy it deeply . (deeply 多用于表抽象的深度,但有时亦可表具体的深度,如to dig deep,亦可说to dig deeply)
3. 两种副词形式的意义不甚相同,如:
(19)I'm getting pretty fed up.(pretty 意谓“相当地”)
(20)Isn't the little girl dressed prettily ? (prettily 意谓“漂亮地”)
(21)I clean forgot. (clean 意谓“完全地”)
(22)He caught the ball cleanly . (cleanly 意谓“干净利落地”)
(23)He often works late . (late 意谓“很晚”)
(24)I have been very busy lately . (lately 意谓“近来”)
4. 两种副词形式之间,有时同义,有时则不同义,如:
(25)We must play fair .(fair 意谓“公正地”。副词fair 只用在play fair 等固定词组中)
(26)He described the situation fairly . (fairly 与 fair同义)
(27)He did the work fairly well.(fairly 在此意谓“相当地”或“还算”,与fair 不同义)
(28)I must cut short my speech, as it's late. (short意谓“简短”)
(29)He answered me very shortly when I asked how long he intended to stay. (shortly 与short 同义)
(30)He's out but he'll be back shortly . (shortly 在此意谓“不久”,与short 不同义)
(31)The train goes there direct . (direct 意谓“径直”)
(32)I went directly to the office. (directly 与direct同义)
(33)Come directly home.(directly 在此意谓“立刻”,与direct 不同义)
副词的两种形式,往往与同义词一样,有不少交叉现象,一般只能较为笼统地加以区别,不可能做到泾渭分明,这是需要读者予以理解的。
最后,再谈谈一个小问题。有这样一道就划线部分提问的题:
(34)Her husband will come back in an hour .
教学参考书上的答案是:
(35)When will her husband come back?
个人认为应该是:
(36)How soon will her husband come back?
但不知对不对?
教学参考书和他提供的答案都是正确的。疑问副词 when 意谓“何时”所指时间离现在可近可远,可指将来,也可指过去。how soon 则指离现在(或过去某一时刻)较近的将来。由于例 (34)中的划线部分是in an hour, 指离现在较近的将来,所以答案可用when, 也可用how soon。
