关于副词的位置问题

我们愿意和你们谈谈有关副词的位置问题。这个问题比较复杂,其内容也比较丰富。在这里只概括地谈谈副词有哪些位置的问题。

副词在句子结构中的位置主要有三,即首位、中位和末位。首位指主语之前的位置,如:

(1)Yesterday I met your brother. (时间副词yesterday居首位)

中位指主语和谓语动词之间的位置,如:

(2)I yesterday met your brother. (时间副词 yesterday 居中位)

末位指基本句子结构之后的位置,如:

(3)I met your brother yesterday .(时间副词yesterday 居基本句子结构“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

从上面三例中的yesterday, 可以看出,英语中副词的位置是多么灵活。它可居首位,可居中位,也可居末位。

首位有什么特点呢? 有哪些副词常居首位呢? 首位一般不向读者或听话人提供新的信息。具体到居首位的副词,它可以起一种布景的作用,所以句子副词常居首位,如:

(4)Frankly , I am not satisfied with your work. (句子副词 frankly 居首位)

(5)Truly there was nothing else to do but to go home. (句子副词 truly 居首位)

表示方面的句子副词也常居首位,如:

(6)Academically it is one of the best schools around here.(表方面的句子副词 academically 居首位)

时间副词与频度副词被强调时,亦可居首位,如上述例(1)中的yesterday, 再如:

(7)Today we all have electric light.(时间副词 today 居首位)

(8)Sometimes , the teacher makes a mistake. (频度副词 sometimes 居首位)

疑问副词 when, where, why, how 等自然也常居首位,但其后须有助动词、是动词或有动词,如:

(9)When do you start? (疑问副词 when 在助动词 do之前)

(10)Where is it ? (疑问副词 where 是在动词之前)

有些地点副词也可置于句首,如:

(11)Indoors it was nice and warm. Outside it was snowing. (地点副词 indoors和outside皆置于句首)

(12)Outwardly  he is cheerful, but he is really a very unhappy man. (地点副词 outwardly 置于句首)

在下面的习惯说法中,地点副词 here 和 there 皆须置于句首:

(13)Here you are.

(14)There you go again.

焦点副词如even, only 等可置于句首,如:

(15)Even a child can understand this. (焦点副词 even置于句首)

(16)Only Tom laughed at me. (焦点副词 only 置于句首)

在叙事文中,方式副词亦可置于句首,以取得制造悬念等戏剧性的效果,如:

(17)Suddenly , the lights went off. (方式副词 suddenly 置于句首)

(18)Hurriedly , she dried her tears. (方式副词 hurriedly 置于句首)

有时有两个方式副词并列于句首,如:

(19)Softly and stealthily the door opened.(方式副词 softly and stealthily 并列于句首)

但请注意,程度副词如barely, enough, fairly, hardly, quite, rather, too, somewhat 等,以及语势副词如very, much, pretty, extremely, terribly, greatly, perfectly 等,一般均不可置于句首。

现在让我们看看副词居于中位的情况。可居中位的副词很多,但一般不被或很少被强调。这种副词常用以表语势和程度,如:

(20)I really appreciate all you've done for me. (语势副词 really 置于中位)

(21)I quite enjoyed your party. (程度副词 quite 置于中位)

焦点副词也常居中位,如:

(22)I play squash and I also play tennis. (焦点副词 also 居中位)

(23)I don't know why you're so angry. I only left the door open. (焦点副词only居中位)

句子副词也常居中位,如:

(24)He absolutely lives from hand to mouth.(句子副词 absolutely 居中位)

(25)He smiled nastily. He evidently knew something I didn't. (句子副词 evidently 居中位)

其他副词(一般除地点副词外)也都可以居中位,如:

(26)In cotton China now leads the world.(时间副词now居中位)

(27)He never was unkind to children. (频度副词never居中位)

(28)We badly need a new typewriter. (方式副词badly居中位)

祈使句中居句首的副词亦应看作居中位,因为它位于被省略的主语与谓语动词之间,如:

(29)Never fear. (频度副词 never应看作居中位)

(30)Kindly shut the door.(句子副词kindly应看作居中位)

句子中如有助动词 (包括情态助动词在内),副词可居的中位则有下列几种情况:

1. 副词置于助动词之后,主要动词之前,如:

(31)He had nowhere stated this explicitly. (地点副词nowhere置于助动词has与主要动词stated之间)

(32)I have already seen the report.(时间副词already 置于助动词 have与主要动词seen之间)

(33)We don't usually get up before nine on Sundays. (频度副词usually置于助动词do与主要动词get up之间)

(34)We have carefully studied the problem. (方式副词carefully 置于助动词have与主要动词studied之间)

(35)I don't much like fish.(程度副词 much置于助动词do与主要动词like之间)

(36)Byron is much admired in Greece.(语势副词much置于助动词is与主要动词 admired之间)

(37)He's just gone.(焦点副词 just置于助动词has与主要动词gone之间)

(38)He is wisely staying at home today.(句子副词 wisely置于助动词is与主要动词staying之间)

这种副词偶尔可置于助动词中的to之前,如:

(39)She has always to assist him. (频度副词 always置于助动词has to中的to之前,always亦可置于has之前)

这种副词之前有时可有一个以上的助动词,如:

(40)I frankly have been seriously interested. (语势副词 seriously 之前有两个助动词: have been)

(41)This bridge may have been partly designed by him. (方式副词 partly之前有三个助动词:may have been)

2. 副词置于主语之后,助动词之前(以顺调助动词),如:

(42)You never can tell. (频度副词never置于主语you之后,助动词can之前)

(43)They seriously have considered him for the post.(语势副词 seriously 置于主语they之后,助动词have之前)

(44)Nearly 80 per cent of all working women still are employed in the sales or service jobs.(时间副词still置于主语women之后,助动词are之前)

(45)Hawaii also is luring more vacationing Americans than ever before, with major expansions in hotel facilities on the outer islands. (焦点副词 also置于主语Hawaii之后,助动词is之前)

(46)He undoubtedly has worked hard. (句子副词undoubtedly 置于主语he之后,助动词has之前)

3. 副词置于助动词与助动词之间,如:

(47)This must also be constantly borne in mind. (焦点副词 also置于助动词must与be之间)

(48)I have undoubtedly been deceived. (句子副词undoubtedly置于助动词 have与助动词been之间)

(49)The new law may indeed have been badly formulated. (句子副词 indeed之前有一个助动词may, 其后有两个助动词have been)

(50)This bridge may have actually been designed by him. (句子副词 actually 之前有两个助动词may have,其后有一个助动词been)

末位是许多副词的正常位置,一般皆提供新的信息,所以往往是句子的焦点或重心。各种副词皆可置于句子的末尾,即基本结构之后,如:

(51)She put the money away . (地点副词 away置于基本结构“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

(52)It is out of date already . (时间副词 already 置于基本结构“主语+系词+表语”之后)

(53)I'll love you always . (频度副词 always在此意谓for ever, 置于基本结构“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

(54)He writes badly . (方式副词badly置于基本结构“主语+谓语”之后)

(55)I've turned up the oven somewhat .(程度副词 somewhat 置于“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

(56)I enjoyed the play extremely . (程度副词 extremely置于“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

(57)He built the house alone . (焦点副词alone 置于“主语+谓语+宾语”之后)

句子副词大都置于句子的首位或中位,但有时亦可置于末位,如:

(58)I'm very happy indeed . (句子副词 indeed置于句子的末位)

(59)Is Mary at home, perhaps ? (句子副词 perhaps 置于句子末位)

有时副词可用作添补之词而置于句子末位,如:

(60)The living are of more account than the dead, always .(频度副词always用作添补词置于末位)

(61)The inexplicable fact absorbed his attention quite . (程度副词 quite用作添补词置于末位)

但请注意,宾语如较长,副词则可置于谓语动词与宾语之间,如:

(62)She heard again the language of his nursery. (频度副词 again 置于谓语动词 heard与宾语the language of his nursery之间)

(63)He urged secretly that she be dismissed.(方式副词secretly在此必须置于谓语动词urged与宾语从句that she be dismissed之间。如置于句末,secretly 则会误变成that从句的一部分从而修饰dismissed)

有时副词亦可置于系词与表语之间,如:

(64)Signs were everywhere numerous. (地点副词everywhere 置于系词were 与表语numerous之间,以强调后者)

(65)I was recently in Berlin.(时间副词recently 置于系词was 与表语in Berlin之间,理由同上)

句子末尾如有其他状语,副词可位于其它状语之前或其它状语之后,如:

(66)He paid immediately for the book.(时间副词 immediately 位于另一状语for the book之前)

(67)I got paid on Fridays usually . (频度副词 usually 位于另一状语on Fridays 之后)

关于修饰形容词、名词、其它副词以及非谓语动词等的副词的位置,一般语法书都已讲到,这里就不赘述了。

最后,需要注意,有些副词有时虽不在同一位置上,但其意义并无不同,如下面两句中的recently和exactly:

(68)I recently went to Shanghai.

I went to Shanghai recently .

(69)I don't know exactly what happened.

I don't exactly know what happened.

但在许多情况下,副词的意义则会因其位置之不同而不同,现仅举几例如下:

(70)Only Tom met Helen.只有汤姆遇到了海伦。

Tom only met Helen. 汤姆只遇到了海伦。

(71)Students play tennis often .学生经常打网球。

Often students play tennis.经常有学生打网球。

(72)Treat her Kindly .要好好待她。

Kindly shut the door.请把门关上。

(73)You typed this letter very badly .这封信你打得很不好。

We badly need a new typewriter. 我们迫切需要一台新打字机。

(74)He foolishly locked himself out.他真傻,把自己锁在门外了。

He behaved foolishly at the party. 他在晚会上表现不佳。

有时位置不同的副词虽在意义上无甚差别,但在句子的侧重点却有所不同,如:

(75)He was never unkind to children.(不重读was)

(76)He never was unkind to children.(重读was)