一些有关状语的问题

有些读者来信问到状语方面的问题。有的问到一系列状语并列在一起时孰先孰后的问题;有的问到关于 Thanks a lot 的问题;有的问到关于 of itself 的问题;有的则对《英语语法手册》的状语从句部分提出了疑问。现在让我们对这些问题依次讨论如下:

先谈英语中状语的位置问题。在英语里,状语的位置比较灵活。有的可放在句首,有的可放在句子当中,有的可放在句末,有的放在哪儿都可以。当一系列状语并列在一起时,这一系列状语一般都放在句末。但这一系列状语的位置又怎样排列呢?有没有规则可循呢?根据不少语法家的意见,确是有规则可循的。这条规则就是一般句子的语序应该是:主语——谓语动词——宾语——用作状语的介词短语——地点状语——方式状语——表所经历时间的状语 (如 for three weeks)——时间状语。

如据此顺序,来信所问的句子即应该是:

(1)She was met by her father at the station. (不应是 She was met at the station by her father)

(2)Farm tools are made by them in this factory.(不应是 Farm tools are made in this factory by them)

(3)A report was made by the headmaster at the meeting yesterday. (不应作其他排列)

(4)Several million tons of steel are turned out by Shanghai steel workers every year.(不应作其他排列)

(5)This school was built by the workers in 1964.(不应作其他排列)

这里还应补充一条细则,即:如有一个以上的时间或地点状语时,一般应将较小的单位放在前面,将较大的单位放在后面。如:

(6)They did not reach home until five o'clock in the evening.

(7)They lie on the table in the library.

还应注意,一系列状语并列在一起,有时显得臃肿,如:

(8)He was working with his shears in the garden the whole morning.

在这种情况下,就应该将 the whole morning 移至句首,变为:

(9)The whole morning he was working with his shears in the garden.

然而,必须及时指出,上面所谈的仅仅是一般规则。实际上,由于种种特殊原因,说(写)话人并不完全按照这种规则办事。特殊原因很多,不可能在此一一指出。下面只举几个例子,以见一斑:

(10)Once I was entertained for more than three days by a family of young people.(这里把介词短语 by a family of young people 放在句末是为了强调。例(1)如要强调 by her father,亦可置于句末)

(11)I was studying earlier in the school library.(这里把时间状语放在地点状语之前则是由于地点状语较长,时间状语较短的缘故)

(12)Children are writing badly now everywhere.(理由同上,当然也可能由于说话人意欲强调 everywhere)

(13)We stood talking for a very long time where the fire had been.(从句一般应放在短语之后)

(14)A group of young textile workers told me in 1927 in Shanghai the many forms of woman's oppression, voice echoing voice like a chant.(这里有两点值得注意:一是两个状语都放在直接宾语 forms 之前,这显然是为了强调直接宾语部分而安排的;二是将时间状语 in 1927 置于地点状语 in Shanghai 之前,这又是为了强调后者)

(15)The exclamation was by the Foreign Office rightly regarded as the strongest testimony to the Ambassador's ability.(这里把介词短语 by the Foreign Office 移至主要动词 regarded 之前,更是把它的重要性缩小到很低的程度。如果不言而可喻,还可以把它全部省去)

关于第一个问题,就说到这里。现在看第二个问题: Thanks a lot 这种说法成立吗?其中a lot 是否是状语,等于 much?

答案是肯定的。 Thanks a lot 是英语口语中一种很普通的说法,常用于非正式场合。这里名词 thanks 显然与动词 thank 相混了,所以后面可接状语 a lot。状语 a lot 确实等于 much,或 very much,但不很正式。如 He runs a lot= He runs much,但很少有人说 Thanks much,虽然可以说 Thanks very much。顺便提及, thanks 之后除可接 a lot 和 very much 外,还可接 lots, awfully, immensely 等词。

第三个问题:在 To our surprise, the door opened _____.

这一填空选择题中应填 of itself,还是应填 with itself?标准答案是 of itself,为什么不用 with itself?

标准答案是正确的,这里必须选用 of itself,万不可用 with itself。 of 在此是较古的用语,相当于 by,有“主动”或“自动”的涵义。它和 itself 一起已构成一个固定词组。现再举一二例说明其用法如下:

(16)The wall fell of itself .

(17)The dog came back of itself .