有一读者问: 如何分析下面句子的结构:
(1)Covering much of the earth's surface is a blanket of water.
这是一个倒装句,而且是一完全倒装句,因为其谓语部分被完全移置到了主语之前。这种倒装结构在当代英语里是常见的,如:
(2)Facing the gate is a screen wall.
(3)Lying on the couch is an old lady.
(4)Standing beside the wounded soldier was Doctor Bethune.
(5)Heading the procession was the military band.
(6)Sitting before the circle of attractive tents that faced the lake and putting in order a fishing-pole and reel, was Harley Baggoti, in a brightly-colored sweater and flannel trousers.
这种倒装结构虽较普遍,但有些语法家警告人们不要滥用。有一位美国语法家举出这样的例子:
(7)Encouraging the United States were Britain and France.
(8)Hiring the men will be ranchers in the vicinity.
他认为这两句应分别改为:
(9)Britain and France were encouraging the United States. (或The United States was being encouraged by Britain and France.)
(10)The men will be hired by ranchers in the vicinity.
据这位语法家说,还有用错时态的情况,如:
(11)Passing their intermediate tests were George Simms, Earnest Worth, Alben Smith, Nelson Raddle, and Alex Jones.
当然应该改为:
(12)Those who passed their intermediate tests were...
也有些语法家认为下面句子是新闻体,故不足取:
(13)Now mounting the steps is His Majesty the Emperor.
但也有的语法家比较开明,例如对下面一例:
(14)Backing up Jensen is Stephen Bosh, Chris Borgen, Joe Witte, Pat Collins, Joel Siegel, Ron Swoboda—plus the most dedicated staff of professionals in broadcast journalism today.
只说这里用动词单数是大众语言,而对句子结构并未赞一词。
综上可以看出,句(2)到句(6),由于已属常见,似乎未遭到任何语法家的指责。但对句(7)、(8)、(13)、(14),语法家们的意见就不一致了。值得注意的是这些句子中的现在分词都含有较强的“进行”含义。一些语法家如以此作为反对这种倒装结构的理由,那么,对下面常见的句子是否也持批评态度呢?
(15)Marching at the head of the column was John Brown, our commander.
我们认为,语言是活的事物。它在不断地发展,新的语言现象不断地出现。对此,我们既不能不讲语法,随意滥用,也不能抱残守缺,墨守成规。一种语言现象,如已为大多数人所接受,我们就得承认它。实际上,上述倒装结构之所以被日渐广泛应用,不仅由于它有可用来强调等优点,而且由于它有一个很突出的特点,即在许多情况下,倒装结构反而要比原来的“ 正常”语序自然得多。有的句子,甚至不可能用“正常”语序,如问题中的那个句子便是如此。自然,我们也要警惕,不要写出句(11)那样的句子来。
