but that如何理解与分析?

有一读者问: 读英国著名小说《简·爱》(Jane Eyre)到第一章第三段时遇到这样一个句子:

(1)She regretted to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance; but that until she heard from Bessie, and could discover by her own observation that I was endeavouring in good earnest to acquire a more sociable and childlike disposition, a more attractive and sprightly manner, —something lighter, franker, more natural as it were—she really must exclude me from privileges intended only for contented, happy, little children.

如何对此句进行语法分析? 尤其是but that起何作用,做何解释? 它有哪些用法?

先让我们将此长句分析如下:

1. 这是一个并列复合句。

2. 这个句子中的第一个分句的基本结构是: 主语(she)+谓语(regretted)+宾语(不定式短语to be under the necessity of keeping me at a distance);第二分句的基本结构是: 主语(she)+谓语(动词短语must exclude)+宾语(me)。

3. but that可看作是一等立连词。

4. 第二分句中的until she heard from Bessie, ...as it were是一由从属连词until引导的时间状语从句。此一从句的基本结构是: 主语(she)+并列谓语(heard和could discover)+宾语(that I was endeavouring...as it were)。that从句的基本结构是: 主语(I)+谓语(动词短语was, endeavouring)。that从句中的in good earnest是介词短语,用作方式状语,修饰不及物动词短语was endeavouring。其后的不定式短语(to acquire...sprightly manner)是一修饰was endeavouring的目的状语。to acquire有两个并列宾语(a more sociable and childlike disposition和a more attractive and sprightly manner)。破折号之后的something lighter, franker, more natural as it were是与其前的两个宾语同位的同位语。

5. 第二分句中she must exclude me后的from privileges是一地点状语,intended only for...children是一过去分词短语,用作定语,修饰privileges。

现在再让我们商讨一下but that的问题。but that常作为从属连词,多用于正式文体中,其含义与用法一般有以下几种:

1. 意为“除……之外”(=except that),实例如:

(2)I do not know but that I shall go.

2. 意为“若非,要不是”(=if...not),实例有如:

(3)But that I saw it, I could not have believed it.

3. 意为“非,不”(=that...not,常用于否定结构或疑问句之后),实例有如:

(4)It is impossible but that a man will make mistakes.

(5)Who knows but that he may be right?

4. =that,常用在doubt, fear, deny等词之后,实例有如:

(6)There is no doubt but that you will succeed.

但上述句(1)中的but that有点特殊。从整个句子来看,but that...显然是与第一分句she regretted to...密切相关。我们知道,表示遗憾的词如regret, sorry等常后接but...以表示转折,实例有如:

(7)I sincerely regret that I have hurt your feelings, but I didn't do it on purpose.

这么说来,这个句子只用but好了,何必用but that呢? 我们的感觉是,这里but之后之所以加上一个that是因为其后所接的第二分句较长的缘故。我们在前面说过这里的but that有点特殊,其原因亦在此。