turn

1.下面三句都作“我已经三十岁以上了”解：

• I have turned thirty.
• I am turned of thirty.
• I am turned thirty.

注意：（1）不可说I have turned of thirty。（2）第二句和第三句里的turned是不及物动词的过去分词用作形容词。（3）第二句嫌旧，不很普通。

可以说 She is only a girl just turned sixteen。

A school-teacher turned novelist published his first work last week里的turned作“成为”解，也是不及物动词的过去分词用作形容词。参见3

2.下面每组里的两句意思相同：

• He has turned out a fine scholar.
  He has turned out to be a fine scholar.
• I hope the weather will turn out fine.
  I hope the weather will turn out to be fine.

参见prove 3

3.比较下面各句：

• The young woman turned out a musician. （这个年轻女子后来被人发现她是一个音乐家。［她原来是音乐家，不过人家不知道。］）
• The young woman turned into a musician. （这个年轻女子成了音乐家。［例如在童话里］）
• The young woman turned musician. （这个年轻女子成了音乐家。）

关于第三句，下面几点该注意：

（1）musician是表语，前面没有a。

（2）即使turned的主语是复数，表语也往往用单数形式。例如：Both sisters turned musician(s).

（3）这结构通常表示突然的或者不很好的变化。例如：

• As my mother was ill, I had to turn cook.
• He wondered why his sister had turned nun.
• He said he would never turn traitor.

4.by turns和in turn不同。by turns是“轮流地”或“忽而…忽而…地”。例如：The five boys read the poem by turns. 和He was happy and unhappy by turns. in turn是“依次相继地”。例如：The five boys read the poem in turn. 和I told him and he in turn told his brother.

下面两句意思不同：

• The five boys read the poem by turns. （这五个男孩轮流读这首诗。［每人也许读多次。］）
• The five boys read the poem in turn. （这五个男孩依次读这首诗。［每人只读一次。］）

在下面一句里用in turns，不用in turn或by turns：

• They took it in turns to keep watch at the gate.

5.比较下面两句：

• We went as far as the brook and then turned back（回转来）.
• When we heard him call us, we turned round（转身）.