(1) 两者均可用来表示某人是如何做某事的,其区别在于前者用于表示方式、方法,意为“通过,借助于”,在表示某人通过做某事达到其想要的结果时用;后者意为“使用”,在表示用什么工具时用。
- He killed the spider by hitting it.
他把蜘蛛打死了。 - He killed the spider with a flapper.
他用苍蝇拍把蜘蛛拍死了。 - He got what he wanted by talking very cleverly.
他通过甜言蜜语得到了他想要的东西。 - He got what he wanted with flowers and chocolates.
他用花和巧克力(交换)得到了他想要的东西。
(2) by可用来表示交通工具。
- He usually goes to work by car/bus.
他通常乘小汽车/公共汽车去上班。
(3) 在被动句中,by指行为者(人或物),with表示工具或物料;有时by强调动作,with强调状态,表示用什么物料填上、盖上等。
- He was killed by a heavy stone. (=A stone fell and killed him.)
他被一块巨石砸死了。 - He was killed with a heavy stone. (=Somebody killed him with a stone.)
他是被人用一块巨石砸死的。 - Most of this vast continent is covered with a mantle of snow and ice, which varies from a few feet to as much as two miles in depth.
这片广阔大陆的大部分覆盖着一层厚度从几英尺到两英里不等的冰雪。