(1) consist of意为“由……构成;包含有……”,为正式用语,前面为整体,后面为部分。
- The atmosphere consists of certain gases mixed together in definite proportions.
大气由按一定比例混合在一起的某些气体组成。 - The committee consists of 15 men and 10 women members.
该委员会由15名男成员和10名女成员组成。
(2) constitute意为“构成”,较正式,用于比较“精确”的情况下,前面为部分,后面为整体。
- Seven days constitute a week.
七天构成一星期。 - The behaviour of that country constitutes an act of aggression against her neighbours.
那个国家的行为构成了对其邻国的侵犯。
(3) ①compose可作“构成,组成”解,后面为整体。
- Mere facts, baldly stated, do not compose a good book.
仅仅一些单调陈述的事实并不能构成一本好书。 - England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain.
英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士组成大不列颠岛。
②composed常用作表语,构成be composed of短语,意为“由……构成,由……组成”,是一般用法,前面为整体。
- This substance is composed of three different ingredients.
这种物质包含了三种不同成分。
(4) ①comprise一个意思是“包括,包含,由……构成”,另一个意思是“构成”。用于前一个意思时,前面是整体,后面是部分;用于后一意思时,则前面是部分,后面是整体。
- The United Kingdom comprises England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. (包括)
联合王国包括英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰。 - These two books comprise all of his published poetry.
这两本书收纳了他已出版的全部诗作。 - According to the recent statistics, women comprise 51% of the population of the nation.
根据最近的统计数字,妇女占全国人口的51%。
②be comprised of 也是较常用的短语,意思是“包括;由……构成,由……组成”,前面是整体,后面是部分。
- The United States is comprised of 50 states.
美国由50个州组成。
(5) comprehend除了表示“理解”之外,还有“包括,包含”之意,与include意思接近。
- This can help to clarify something they may not have comprehended in English.
这可以帮助他们清楚地了解他们用英语可能还不理解的东西。 - Education comprehends the training of many kinds of abilities.
教育包括许多能力的培养。 - The park comprehends all the land on the other side of the river.
公园包括河对岸全部土地。
(拓展学习:区别辨析know、learn、comprehend与understand)
(6) include意思是“包括,包含”,与comprise表示此义时的差别在于,include是指包括部分,comprise指包括全部。
- Our ten-day tour included a two-day visit to Bangkok.(不能用comprised)
我们的十日游包括去曼谷参观两天。 - At least 90 persons were injured in the explosion, including ten foreigners. (不能用comprising)
在这次爆炸中至少有90人受伤,其中包括10名外国人。
(7) make up意为“构成,组成,占……”,后面是整体。
- Indians and Chinese make up the largest part of the city's population.
印第安人和华人占了该市人口的最大部分。 - Workers and peasants make up 80~90 percent of China's population.
工人和农民占中国人口的80%~90%。
(8) be made up (out) of也是较常用的短语,意为“由……构成/组成”,该短语前面为整体:
- Water molecules are made up (out) of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
水分子是由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成的。 - The city's population is made up equally of Indians and Chinese.
该市人口是由人数相等的印第安人和华人构成的。