preceding, former, previous 与 prior 这些词都有“在前的”“前面的”意思,都没有比较级、最高级形式。
(1) preceding指在时间、位置或顺序上紧接着前者。
- The day was as gay as the preceding one, perhaps even more animated and noisy.
这一天像前一天一样愉快,甚至更热闹更嘈杂些。 - That topic has already been discussed in the preceding chapters.
那个主题在前面几章里已经讨论过了。
(2) former可指“以前的”“前任的”,即时间上在前的;也可指已提及的两个事物中的前一个,与latter所指事物构成对比。
- He is the former President of the country.
他是该国的前总统。 - Joan and Jane are sisters. The former is a pianist; the latter is a singer.
琼和简是姐妹,前者是钢琴家,后者是歌手。
(3) previous指在时间上“较早的”,顺序上“在前的”,或指在目前来看,某事以前发生过的。
- Every Friday evening, it was our custom to meet and review the previous week's contents.
每个星期五晚上,我们习惯一起复习前一周的内容。 - He cannot go, for he has a previous engagement.
他事先有约会了,所以不能去。
(4) prior有时可与previous互换,但有时多了一层在重要性上居先的含义,表示“优先的、更重要的”等意思。
- I was unable to attend the party because of a prior/previous appointment.
由于事前另有所约,我没能参加晚会。 - I stopped playing football because my work had a prior claim on my time.
我停止了踢足球,因为我必须优先处理我的工作。