(1) ①say表示“说,说到”侧重所说的内容,不接表示人的宾语。
- She said that she would spend her holidays abroad.
她说她将在国外度假。 - Stop — you've said more than enough.
住嘴——你已经说得太多了。
②say可接名词,如a word, a sentence, a name, a phrase。
- Alice said a naughty word this morning.
艾丽斯今早说了一个低俗的词儿。
③say在直接引语中可以用来提问题,在间接引语中则不可:
- She said ,“what do you want?”
她说:“你想要什么?”
(2) speak表示“说,讲话,谈”,侧重于“说话”的动作,而不是内容;还可表示“讲话”这种人类所独具的能力。与某人讲话,即便是对话,也通常用speak(也可用talk) to(美国人多用with) sb.。
- A: Hello. This is Roger.
你好。我是罗杰。
B: Can I speak to/with Amelia, please?
我可以与阿梅莉亚通话吗?
(3) ①speak与talk没有明显的区别。一般说来,speak更正式一些,而talk则更随便,有时两者可换用,有时则要遵循习惯表达。
- Can I talk/speak to you for a few minutes about the football match?
关于这场足球赛的事,我能与你谈几分钟吗? - I'll have to speak to that boy — he's getting very lazy.
我得和那个孩子谈谈——他现在变得非常懒了。 - Can the baby talk yet? (不用speak)
这个婴儿会说话了吗? - Man is the only animal that speaks .(不用talk)
人类是唯一能说话的动物。 - Stop talking , children! Class is beginning.(不用speak)
孩子们,停止讲话,开始上课了!
②talk往往有交谈的意味,speak可以指一个人使用语言。
- His throat disease has left him unable to speak .
他的喉疾使他无法讲话。 - After she read out the letter, there was a shocked silence. Nobody spoke .
她读完信以后,人们震惊得一言不发。谁也不说话。 - After the lecture, coffee was served and people began to talk to one another .
讲座结束后,上了咖啡,人们开始相互交谈。
③speak可指掌握的语言知识及对语言的运用,表示“会讲”,这时用作及物动词,也可用talk。
- He speaks three languages fluently.
他能流利地讲三种语言。 - Those people over there are speaking/talking German .
那边那些人正在讲德语。
④talk还可表示“讨论,磋商”,如:talk business, talk shop (谈正经事;与同行讲本行的话)。其他短语还有talk sense(讲得有道理),talk nonsense(讲得没道理,胡说),talk treason(言谈中有叛国之意),talk rubbish(讲废话,胡说)。
(4) ①tell意思是“讲述,告诉”,通常接人作宾语。
- She told me that she would go abroad the next week.
她告诉我将于下周出国。
②tell在一些用语中可以省去间接宾语(人),如:to tell (sb.) a lie, to tell (sb.) the truth, to tell (sb.) a story, to tell the time (=to know how to read a clock), to tell fortunes(算命)。
- He's seven years old and he still can't tell the time.
他已七岁了,还不会看钟表。 - I don't think he's telling the truth.
我认为他讲的不是实话。
③tell+宾语(人) +不定式表示“命令,指示,劝告”等。
- Tell them to shut up.
告诉他们闭上嘴。 - Mother always told me not to talk to strangers.
母亲总是叫我不要跟陌生人谈话。
(5) utter强调“发出声音”,如:utter a cry of pain(发出痛苦的喊叫);utter a sigh(叹息)。指讲话时,有时强调以言辞或口语表达,含有简短、重要的意味。
- She sat still, not uttering a single word.
她静静地坐着,一言不发。 - I have often wondered who first uttered that simple but profound truth.
我常常纳闷:谁第一个了讲出这个简单而又深奥的真理。 - He posed as the person who uttered the divine command.
他装扮成宣读神的旨意的人。
(6) state意为“说,说明,陈述”,强调仔细、详尽而明确地说,可以是口头,也可以是书面。
- He stated positively that he had never seen the accused man.
他肯定地说他从未见过被告。 - In the foreword the author states his intentions in writing the book.
在前言中作者说明了他写作此书的意图。 - He was given half an hour to state his views.
他有半个小时来陈述自己的观点。 - The distribution of property is clearly stated in her will.
财产的分配在她的遗嘱中做了明确说明。
(7) remark意思是“谈起,说及;发表议论、看法”。
- He remarked that I had a great command of the English language.
他说我已熟练地掌握了英语。 - “Richmond is a very pretty place,” he remarked .
“里士满是一个非常漂亮的地方。”他说道。
(8) observe意思是“评论,评述;发表看法,说”。
- He observed that we should probably have rain.
他说也许会下雨。 - “I hope he'll turn over a new leaf now,” observed Mrs. Baines.
贝恩斯太太说:“我希望他现在会改过自新。”
(9) comment意为“发表(有关……的)意见、议论、看法”,后接on, upon或that从句。
- She commented that she thought it was time for us to go home.
她发表意见说,她认为我们该回家了。 - I won't comment on what people say.
对于人们所说的话,我不愿发表意见。 - “I presume,” he commented , “that she will learn how to behave in time.”
“我认为,”他发表看法说,“到时候她会学会如何处世的。”