区别辨析 severe, stern, strict, rigid, rigorous, harsh 与 hard

(1) severe用于人时意为“严厉的,严格的”;用于天气、批评、失败、考验、惩罚、疾病时指“严重的,严峻的,剧烈的,厉害的,严酷的”。

  • They suffered a severe setback/defeat in the match.
    在这场比赛中他们受到了严重的挫败。
  • He had only just recovered from a severe illness when I met him last time.
    我上次见到他时,他刚从一场大病中恢复过来。
  • Don't be too severe/strict with Jack; he's only a little child after all.
    不要对杰克太严厉,毕竟他只是一个小孩子。
  • Don't you feel you are too severe on the boy?
    你难道没感觉到你对这个孩子过于严厉了吗?
  • It's to be hoped he'll get a severe punishment.
    人们希望他得到严厉的惩罚。
  • The winter is already here, and promises to be a most severe one.
    冬天已经到了,而且很有可能是一个非常严寒的冬天。
  • He seems to have stood the severe test in his job.
    他看上去已经经受住了他工作中的这个严峻的考验。

 (2) stern意为“严厉的,苛刻的,严肃的”,一般用于人、表情、惩罚等。

  • He's much too stern with his son.
    他对儿子过于严厉。
  • They had a very stern taskmaster, they don't dare to disobey.
    他们有一位非常严厉的工头,他们不敢不服从。
  • These men must have stern/severe punishment.
    这些人定会受到严厉的惩罚。
  • The stern expression he wore on his face frightened us.
    他脸上的那种严厉表情把我们吓坏了。

 (3) strict也指“严厉的,严格的”,一般用于形容人、纪律等,在表示“严格的,严厉的”时,可与severe, stern互换。

  • He seems very strict about it.
    他看上去对此非常严格。
  • He is always strict in/on the observance of the discipline.
    他总是严格遵守纪律。
  • You seem (to be) too strict/severe/stern with your son.
    你似乎对你儿子太严厉了。
  • No one is allowed to break the strict rule against smoking here.
    任何人都不得打破不许在此处抽烟的严格规定。
  • We shall all keep a strict hand over our children.
    我们应对孩子严加管教。

 (4) rigid意思是“严厉的,严格的,没有灵活性的”,用来形容人、纪律、标准、要求等。

  • In our home, it is a rigid rule to wash one's hands before eating.
    在我们家,饭前洗手是一项严格规定。
  • Don't be too rigid — you should learn to compromise.
    不要太死板——你要学会妥协。
  • We must bring everything we do into conformity with rigid standards.
    我们必须使自己所做的一切严格符合标准。

 (5) ①rigorous意为“严厉的,严格的,严峻的”,多指纪律、训练、惩罚等。

  • He has received/undergone rigorous vocational training for this purpose.
    为了这个目的他已接受/进行了严格的专业训练。
  • Can you stand the rigorous hardships of the fieldwork?
    你能经受得住在野外工作的严峻困难吗?
  • These men must be punished with the most rigorous law.
    这些人必须受到最严厉的法律惩罚。

②rigorous还表示“严酷的,剧烈的”,用来形容天气时指“严寒的,酷热的”。

  • Have you got used to the rigorous winter in Canada?
    你已习惯了加拿大的严冬了吗?

 (6) harsh意为“苛刻的,残酷无情的,严厉的”,一般形容人、惩罚等。

  • The little boy received harsh treatment from his master.
    小男孩受到主人的虐待。
  • The criminal was finally given a harsh punishment.
    这个罪犯最终受到严厉惩罚。

*其他例子还有:harsh parents, a harsh judge, a harsh climate等。

 (7) hard也可表示“严厉的,苛刻的”。

  • He was a hard father.
    他是一位严厉的父亲。
  • Don't be too hard on your children.
    不要对你的孩子太严厉。
  • We had a hard/harsh winter.
    我们经历了一个严寒的冬天。
  • He had suffered a good deal of hard/harsh treatment from his stepmother.
    他受到继母严酷无情的对待。