区别辨析 shun, escape, avoid, evade, get around/round, get away from, get away with, elude, keep/stay away from, keep/stay off (from), keep/stay/remain clear of, stand clear of, steer clear of 与 shirk

 (1) shun意为“规避,避免,避开”,接名词或动名词,表示主动、谨慎地躲避不喜欢的人或事。

  • After he recovered from his illness, he has shunned the pleasure of the table for his health.
    他康复以后,为了健康再也不贪图吃喝。
  • He was a lazy boy and always shunned study.
    他是一个懒惰的孩子,总是逃避学习。
  • He is a man of fiery temper and is shunned by almost everyone.
    他脾气火爆,几乎每个人都躲着他。

 (2) ①escape意为“逃跑,逃离;逃脱,避免”,与shun, avoid相比,主观上的意味较弱,用于抽象、借喻的情况较多。(另见“escape...”条目)

  • He escaped the punishment/being punished by bribing the judge.
    他通过贿赂法官而逃脱了惩罚。
  • No man can escape his destiny.
    没人能逃脱命运之手。
  • I am going south to escape the severe winter here.
    我要到南方去,以避开这儿的严冬。

②escape还表示“未被注意,被忘记”,这时,以忘记的对象作主语。

  • His name escapes me for the moment.
    我一时想不起他的名字。
  • How she escaped my notice I can't say.
    我说不清她为什么没引起我的注意。
  • How did you let such a significant fact escape you?
    你是怎样将这么重要的一个事实漏掉的?

③当某种情况由于事先经过慎重考虑或周密计划而避免时,多用avoid,不用 escape。

  • The danger can be avoided if we lay our plans carefully.
    如果我们谨慎地制订计划是能避开危险的。

 (3) avoid意思是“避免,避开,逃避”,接名词或动名词,可表示主动地“逃避”,也有时表示客观上的“避免,幸免”,侧重于避免成功。

  • You can hardly avoid meeting him since you work with him in the same office.
    由于你与他在同一办公室工作,你是很难对他避而不见的。
  • He only just avoided that accident.
    他刚好避开了那次事故。
  • He went abroad at the age of 18 to avoid/shun/escape call-up.
    为躲避被征召服兵役,他18岁时就出国了。
  • I quickened my steps to avoid being overtaken.
    为了不被追上我加快了脚步。

 (4) evade意为“躲避,逃避,避免(做某事)”,接名词或动名词,主观上的意味较强,但有时也强调结果。

  • The criminal evaded the police by sneaking into/dodging into an alley.
    罪犯偷偷闪进了一个小巷,避开了警察。
  • The man evaded answering all questions about his past.
    此人避而不答关于他的过去的所有问题。
  • He was fined $500 for evading paying income tax.
    由于逃避上缴收入所得税他被罚款500美元。

 (5) get around/round可表示“规避、逃避、绕过(法律、规则、困难之事或问题)”,多接名词,美国人用得较多。

  • You shouldn't get around the tax laws.
    你不应逃避税法。
  • He did not weigh enough to join the army, but he got around that by drinking a lot of water before his physical examination.
    他的体重没达到参军的标准,但他通过在体检前大量喝水而蒙混过关了。

 (6) ①get away from可作“回避,否认(某种事实),摆脱”解。

  • We'll have to buy some furniture, there is no getting away from that.
    我们不得不去买一些家具,别无选择。
  • With such a small farm there is no getting away from poverty.
    只有这么小的一个农场是无法摆脱贫困的。

②也表示“逃走,跑掉”。

  • The prisoner had little difficulty in getting away from the police.
    这个犯人几乎毫不费力就从警察手中逃掉了。

 (7) get away with意思是“被放过,(做了错事)不受惩罚”,含有侥幸的意味。

  • Then he began forging cheques and at first he got away with it, but in the end he was caught and sent to prison.
    接着他开始伪造支票,并且一开始侥幸得逞了,但最终他被抓住,被关进了监狱。
  • We shouldn't let him get away with cheating in the exam.
    我们不应该让他考试作弊而不受惩罚。

 (8) elude表示“逃脱,躲避”,特别指凭借花招、诡计而逃避,接近avoid, escape,后接名词。

  • The sly fox nimbly eluded the dogs.
    这只狡猾的狐狸机灵地躲开了这些狗。
  • She is adept in eluding her obligations.
    她擅长逃避责任。
  • We must try to elude observation/discovery in doing such a thing.
    我们在做那种事情时必须设法不被察觉/发现。

 (9) ①keep/stay away from意为“避开,离开”,指保持一段距离,keep/stay off (from)也表示相同的意思,两个短语中,stay只用作不及物动词。后一个短语中,off可以是副词,也可是介词,用作介词时,不用from。

  • Keep away from me, I've got a bad cold.
    离我远点,我得了重感冒。

②也作“避免,避开,不吃(有害健康之物)”解。

  • The doctor advised me to keep away from/stay off fattening foods.
    医生建议我不吃让人发胖的食物。
  • A notice was placed on the dangerously thin ice, warning people to keep off (from it) .
    在那危险的薄冰上方有一张通知,警告人们远离它。
  • Can't you keep your dog off the road?
    你就不能不让你的狗到路上去吗?

(10) keep/stay/remain clear of均可表示“躲避,避开”,侧重于保持一段距离,不接触,强调动作的连续性。(另见“leave...”条目)

  • When you're in a tropical country, keep/remain/stay clear of insects which may be carrying dangerous diseases.
    当你在热带国家时,注意躲开那些可能携带危险疾病的昆虫。
  • At busy times, it's best to avoid the main roads, and stay clear of them until the worst of the traffic is over.
    在繁忙时段最好避开交通干道,直到交通高峰过去之后。
  • It's sometimes impossible to keep clear of difficulties.
    要避开困难有时是不可能的。

(11) stand clear of也表示“避开,离开,不碰上”,指“站得远些”。

  • Stand clear of the falling tree.
    躲开这棵正在倒下的树。
  • Getting into a bus, be sure to stand clear of the doors.
    上了公共汽车,一定要离车门远些。

(12) steer clear of本指“驾驶船避开(危险之物)”,也用于引申意义。

  • He likes to steer clear of trouble if he can.
    他喜欢尽可能地避开麻烦。
  • Steer clear of all doubtful questions.
    要避开所有疑难问题。

(13) shirk意思是“规避,逃避,躲避,推诿”,尤指逃避责任、义务等,主动的意味较强,后接名词、动名词,也作不及物动词。

  • The boy is always trying to shirk school.
    这孩子总是试图逃学。
  • If he could shirk off the work upon the others, he would.
    只要能将工作推给别人,他就会推掉。
  • Wherever you are, you shouldn't pick up easy jobs and shirk hard ones.
    无论在哪里,你都不要拈轻怕重。