有人问到英语课本中有这样两句话:
(1)Then he worked still harder for freedom for the slaves.
(2)About seventeen months before his death, at the opening of a memorial to the many men who lost their lives fighting for the freedom of the Negroes, Abraham Lincoln...
为什么句 (1)中的 freedom 之前不加 the,而句 (2)中的 freedom 之前则加 the?
一般说来,一个名词的定语如是属于分类性的,这个名词就应有定冠词 the;反之,一个名词的定语如是属于描写性的,这个名词就不应有定冠词 the。抽象名词亦如此。按照这一规则,句(1)中的名词 freedom 之所以不用定冠词 the 而用零冠词,就是因为其后的定语 for the slaves 是属于描写性的;句(2)中的名词 freedom 之所以用定冠词 the,就是因为其后的定语 of the Negroes 是属于分类性的。
可能有人要问,什么是分类性定语,什么又是描写性定语呢?简而言之,分类性定语起分类的作用,即区别于其他类别的作用,描写性定语则只起描述的作用,不起区别于其他类别的作用。我们之所以说上述句(1)中的 for the slaves 是描写性定语,就是因为它并没有区别于其他类别的含义,freedom for the slaves 仅仅意谓“供黑人享有的自由”,就像是一个复合名词一样。我们之所以说句(2)中的 of the Negroes 是一分类性定语,就是因为它具有区别于其他类别的含义。强调 the freedom of the Negroes 是指“黑人的自由”,而不是别的什么人的自由。从语音上讲,for the slaves 不太重读, of the Negroes 则须读得重一些。
请注意 of 短语作定语时,由于它往往强调分类性,所以其所修饰的名词往往用定冠词 the。这种情况比较普遍,除上述句(2)中的 the freedom of the Negroes 外,让我们也用抽象名词再举二三例如下:
(3)Grammar is the science of language .
(4)This book deals with the life of ancient Egypt .
(5)She did it through the anger of the moment .
抽象名词由于具有描写性定语而用零冠词的情况也屡见不鲜。除上述句 (2)中 freedom for the slaves 外,让我们也用“抽象名词 + 介词短语”结构再举几例如下:
(6)She shook her head, as though to get rid of fears about her daughter .
(7)He described cooperation and coordination between the two countries as sincere and practical.
(8)One of the four freedoms spoken by President Roosevelt was freedom from fear .
(9)Admission to any college or university is by examination.
(10)Many scientists felt that conditions in a spaceship would not seriously harm astronauts — at least in short flights.
最后,必须指出,我们常听到有人说具有用作定语的 of 短语的名词之前必须用定冠词 the。这样讲是武断的,至少是不全面的。应该说,如果一个名词具有的用作定语的 of 短语不是区别性定语而是描写性定语,那么这个名词照样应用零冠词而不应用定冠词 the。这种情况并不罕见。我们只须举几例(也用抽象名词)即可见一斑:
(11)He seemed to recover presence of mind .
(12)Dr. Coutras had delivered sentence of death on many men.
请注意后接 of 短语的表示动作的抽象名词之前也常用零冠词。如:
(14)Construction of a modern theatre began this spring in western suburbs.
(15)Omission of “the” in this case is not obligatory.
(16)Inquiry of the operator will get you the right telephone number.
