有人问到这样一个句子:
(1)The English term derived from horse racing to designate an unexpected winner is “dark horse”.
请问“dark horse” 之前为什么没有不定冠词 a?
我们知道,表名称 (name)的单形可数名词都要用零冠词,如有这样一个问句:
(2)What's the English name for “黑马”?
其答案就应该是:
(3)Dark horse.
名词短语也可表名称,只不过比较特殊罢了。这就是为什么例(1)中的 dark horse 不用不定冠词的缘故。
下面一句中的 “boy” 亦表名称,应用零冠词:
(4)To Mrs. Hopton, “boy ” was a species not an individual.
上述 dark horse 和 boy 皆泛指一种概念,非指一具体的个别事物。事实上,泛指概念的单形可数名词都用零冠词,如:
(5)In Chinese there are more than a dozen different terms for cousin to distinguish the exact form.
(6)Home in the case of a country constable was synonymous with place of work.
饶有趣味的是下面一句中的 “House”,不但说明它是一个概念,而且说明它为什么由一个单形可数名词转变成一个用零冠词的抽象名词:
(7)“House ” is only a concept; there are many kinds of houses with all sorts of different qualities. The various members of the class have very little in common, and this very little can only be reached by a process of abstraction.
你也许会反问道: 难道“a + 单形可数名词”不也可以作为一名称泛指一概念吗? 不,“a + 单形可数名词”不是一个名称,也不是一个概念 (concept), 如:
(8)A horse has four legs.
这里的 horse 为 a 所限定,相当于 any horse 或 every horse,意指“任何一匹马”或“每一匹马”,具有单一的含义。 a horse 表单数意念,上述例(1)至例(7)中的 dark horse, boy, cousin, home, place, house 则表零数意念,也就是既非单数意念亦非复数意念的一种意念。
