在这里,我们想再回答一些读者提出的几个有关被动语态的问题。
问一:在《英语语法手册》(修订第三版)第155页上有一个[注],说含有两个宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时,一般都是把代表人的宾语(即间接宾语)变为主语。但就我所知,有的语法家们却说在上述情况中,直接宾语变为主语的现象较多。这两种说法究竟哪一种说法对呢?
上述两种说法的确都是有的,但这正说明在这个问题上,语法学家们是有争论的。我们在上一篇文章中只介绍了一派语法家的看法,说当含有两个宾语的主动句变为被动句时,一般多用间接宾语为主语,但又列举了一些不可用其间接宾语作主语的及物动词。另有一些语法家的看法则与此相反。他们认为含有两个宾语的主动句变为被动句时,则多将直接宾语(多指物)用作主语。主张多用间接宾语为主语的人常举下面一例:
(1)Someone gave her a bulldog. (主动句)
较多变为:
(2)She was given a bulldog. (被动句)
较少(相对地)变为:
(3)A bulldog was given to her. (被动句)
而认为多将直接宾语变为主语的人则常引下面一例:
(4)Someone wrote him a long letter. (主动句)
变为被动句时,多变为:
(5)A long letter was written to him. (被动句)
较少甚至不宜变为:
(6)He was written a long letter. (被动句)
由此可见,上述两种看法似乎都有道理,所以我们认为这两种看法可以并存。对于我们的读者来说,重要的是具体问题要具体分析,最后还是得服从于具体的习惯用法。
但这里需要补充一点:如果主动句含有两个直接宾语,一个指人,一个指物,有些自然也可以有两种不同的被动结构,如主动句为:
(7)They forgave him his rudeness.
可用人为主语变为:
(8)He was forgiven his rudeness.
也可用his rudeness为主语变为:
(9)His rudeness was forgiven him.
但有些被动结构则较多用甚至只可用人作主语,如:
(10)He was struck a heavy blow. (较少说:A heavy blow was struck him.)
(11)He was envied his luck. (不宜说:His luck was envied him.)
问二: 含有双宾语的主动句变为被动句,指人的间接宾语用作保留宾语时,其前有时用介词有时则不用,二者有何区别?
先请看这样一个句子:
(12)The piano was given (to)her by her father.
这里用作保留宾语的间接宾语her之前可用to,也可不用to(后者的历史较前者稍长一点)。
但用to的情况较多,因为它可使得保留宾语显得比较重要而明确。另外,当保留宾语是一名词时,其前亦多用to,如:
(13)The piano was given to Jane.
如果用作保留宾语的间接宾语自身有修饰语时,其前用to的情况就更多了,如:
(14)The piano was given to her sister.
但用作保留宾语的间接宾语之前不用to的情况也不少,如:
(15)The drowning man clings to the rope which is thrown him .
(16)The story could not be told you exactly as written, for there are some very curious pages.
有一些与格动词(dative verb)的间接宾语在被动结构中其前则一般都不用to,如deny:
(17)The door was denied him.
顺便提及,上述间接宾语(用作保留宾语)之前有时亦可用或不用介词for,如:
(18)Some flowers had been brought (for)him. (和上述介词to的情况一样,用for的情况也多于不用for的情况)
问三: 有人说进行时态的被动式只限于现在进行时与过去进行时,这种说法对吗?
从历史上看,进行时态的被动式进入标准英语是比较晚近的事。首先进入标准语中的进行时态被动式是现在进行时和过去进行时的被动式。这两种时态的被动式现在已被广泛使用,如:
(19)The house is being painted.
(20)They were being followed.
可是其他进行时态的被动式直到今天仍然比较少见。我们想这大概就是一般语法书上都说进行时态的被动式只限于现在进行时与过去进行时的缘故。
但将来进行时和过去将来进行时的被动式并非绝无仅有,尤其在口语中。有一位英国语法家就说过“will be being taken”和“would be being taken”,虽然罕见,但事实上确有人用。再如:
(21)He will be being examined while we are there. (但人们多用will be examined)
(22)He said he would be being interviewed on Monday. (但人们多用would be interviewed)
完成进行时态的被动式更为少见,但亦会有人说:
(23)By then it will have been being discussed for an hour. (当然人们一般常用will have been discussed)
问四: 请问被动句中何时用by短语,何时不用by短语?
让我们先说明被动式何时须用表动作执行者的by短语。一般说来,在具有by短语的被动句中,其主语多为人所知,by后的名词所表的执行者则多尚不为人所知,是需要介绍的新事物,因而by后的名词往往是全句的焦点,如:
(24)The house was built by my grandfather. (the house为已知,my grandfather为新事物,是句中的重点)
(25)When we got home we were greeted by Lord Sefton. (句中的重点是Lord Sefton)
(26)The members of staff are assisted in their work by postgraduate students. (句子重点是postgraduate students)
如无by短语则全句的意义不完全时,当然也须用by短语,如:
(27)The music was followed by a short interval. (by a short interval不可省)
(28)John was bitten by a snake. (by a snake一般也不可省)
(29)Each could hardly be seen by the other. (句子结构不允许省去by短语)
关于被动句须用by短语的情况主要有上述两种。现在再让我们看看被动句不用by短语的情况吧。
在英语里,被动句中不用by短语的现象是相当普遍的,它远远超过使用by短语的频率。比较常见的不用by短语的情况有下列两种:
1. 被动句中的执行者不为人所知或无法确定,如:
(30)He was killed in the war.
(31)We are being watched.
2. 被动句中的执行者非常明显,无须甚至不可表出,如:
(32)A big tree near us was blown down last night. (无须表出by the wind)
(33)The water was heated. (不可用by me)
此外,当我们不愿使用以第一人称为主语的主动结构以表示委婉谦逊时,也可以使用被动结构省去与主动句中用作主语的第一人称相对应的by短语,如:
(34)Enough has been said about this subject. (避免使用以第一人称I为主语的主动结构)
(35)Our readers are kindly advised to set their clocks forward one hour before they go to bed Saturday night. (避免使用以第一人称we为主语的主动结构)
问五: 请问被动句中的by短语应放在何处? 尤其当它与其他介词短语连用时,它们应孰先孰后?
一般说来,by短语皆应置于过去分词之后,如:
(36)That portrait was painted by Turner.
(37)The child had been saved by the fireman.
但当by短语在句中的地位不甚显著时,偶尔亦可置于过去分词之前,如:
(38)The exclamation was by the Foreign Office rightly regarded as the strongest testimony to the Ambassador's ability.
(39)Howard's defection was the first by someone known to have worked for the US Central Intelligence Agency.
当被动句中含有保留宾语或主语补语时,by短语一般应置于其后,例如:
(40)I was sent a card by my mother. (by短语置于保留宾语a card之后)
(41)Tea drinking is considered one of the pleasures of life by Chinese. (by短语置于保留宾语one of the pleasures of life之后)
by短语与其他状语(包括其他介词短语)并列使用时,如by短语为句中的焦点或重点,则应放在其他状语之后,而且往往位于句子末尾,例如:
(42)It's taken over immediately by John Flynn. (by短语置于状语immediately之后,同时也由于immediately与谓语动词的关系更为密切)
(43)They are watched naturally very closely by the two families. (by短语置于状语very closely之后)
(44)I was impressed, seeing it in China, by its interpretation and it appeals to me all the more this second time. (it指一中国电影,by短语置于状语seeing it in China之后)
(45)Shoppers are entertained as they move up and down the aisles by Christmas carols murmuring from loudspeakers. (这句话的背景是超级市场,by短语置于状语从句as they move up and down the aisles之后,亦由于by短语之后有修饰语murmuring from loudspeakers)
当by短语与其他介词短语并用时,by短语如是句中重点,亦应置于其他介词短语之后,而且往往位于句末,如:
(46)I have been driven to it by necessity.
(47)It unfairly damages the good opinion that is held about him by others.
(48)Great quantities of sand were washed down the hillside by the rain.
有时by短语可与两个其他介词短语连用,如:
(49)France was thrown into chaos on Tuesday by a 24-hour nation-wide strike of 6 million state employees.
上述并列结构往往显得比较笨重,所以最好将其中一个介词短语移至句首。如例(49)中的介词短语on Tuesday即可移至主语France之前或其后。
但由于种种原因,by短语有时亦可置于其他介词短语之前,如:
(50)This knife was given by me to my brother. (正常情况,by短语紧接过去分词,亦可解释为要强调to my brother)
(51)He was sent by Beijing's Lido Hotel to Tibet to train local staff. (这里强调to Tibet,同时请注意不定式短语to train local staff必须放在句末)
(52)They agreed that the war being waged for self-determination by guerrillas in the Western Sahara should be openly discussed for the first time. (这里for self-determination与waged的关系较为密切,而in the Western Sahara是一地点状语,故应置于by短语之后)
