关于“of+名(代)+不定式”结构

有一读者问: 如何分析下面一句中的 of the students?

(1)It's polite of the students to help the teacher.

英语里有哪些形容词可后接“of+名(代)+不定式”结构?这里的 of 可与 for 互换吗?

句(1)的引词 it 是形式主语,其真实主语是不定式短语 to help the teacher。 of the students 是形容词 polite 的宾语或附加语 (有的语法家称之为附加补足语)。全句结构来自“The students are polite to help the teacher.”。 传统语法则认为 of the students to help the teacher 是一复合结构,在此用作真实主语。

“It + be + 形容词 + of + 名(代)词 + 不定式”句型所用的形容词都具有评论的性质,常见的有annoying, boring, trying, careful, careless, crazy, cruel, mad, silly, wise, nice, good, kind, wrong, right, stupid, rude, foolish, clever, greedy, unwise, polite, bold, sensible, thoughtful, generous, selfish, wicked等。除句(1)外,再如:

(2)It was nice of you to phone.

(3)It was kind of her to help us.

(4)It is stupid of you to say it.

(5)It was annoying of John to lose my keys.

(6)It was wrong of some foreigners to say that all Chinese literary works had to undergo government censorship.

这种句型也可用否定式,如:

(7)It wasn't very polite of you to serve yourself. (连系动词 was 用否定式)

(8)It was most selfish of him not to contribute anything. (不定式 to contribute 前有否定词 not)

这种“形容词 + of + 名(代)词 + 不定式”结构亦可用于感叹句中,如:

(9)How kind of him to help us!

(10)Wasn't it kind of him to help us!

上述结构中的逻辑主语如显而易见,亦可省去“of + 名(代)词”或不定式,如:

(11)It was silly to believe him.(省去了 of us)

(12)It was silly of us.(省去了不定式短语to believe him)

上述结构与“It + be + 形容词 + for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”结构不同。后者的“for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”在语法上唤作“不定式复合结构”,用作真实主语。在这种结构中,“for + 名(代)词”与不定式在逻辑上是主谓关系。它所用的形容词不是评论人的,而是常涉及真理、知识的,如 true, certain, clear, possible, apparent 等;还有一些是表示情态、意愿的,如 important, necessary, essential, proper, fortunate, strange, difficult, vital 等。这种“It + be + 形容词 + for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”句型比较普通,这里举二三例即可:

(13)It was easy for him to do it.

(14)It will be possible for us to make translating machines.

(15)It is important for you to do that.

这种句型的来源与“It + be + 形容词 + of + 名(代)词 + 不定式”句型不同,它来自“for + 名(代)词 + 不定式 + is + 形容词”结构,如上述例(14)即来自:

(16)For you to do that is important.

还请注意,“for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”结构的使用范围也较“of + 名(代)+ 不定式”广泛。它除可在“It + be + 形容词 + for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”句型中用作主语外,还可在其他句型中用作表语、宾语、定语、状语等,如:

(17)It is for you to decide.(用作表语)

(18)I meant for you to come. (用作宾语)

(19)It's time for us to go. (用作定语)

(20)He stood aside for her to pass.(用作目的状语)

最后,对你所提的 polite 等形容词之后的“of + 名(代)词 + 不定式”结构是否可与“for + 名(代)词 + 不定式”结构互换的问题,回答自然是否定的,这可以从上面所列的两类不同的形容词明显地看出来。